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Social Science Time Line 1776
Mental Health History Time Line
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| American History Timeline |
From beginning of fifteenth century at latest, Iroquois Confederation formed according to Engels. See "Iroquois Confederacy" in the Encyclopedia of North American Indians. See below 1607 - 1634 - 1675 - 1776 - 1787 - 1791 - 1832 - 1851 -
1492 Columbus's first voyage to America. In December, he visited an island, part of which the Indians called Haiti - the place of the mountains. The Spanish colonised the island and called it Hispaniola. It was the first place occupied by Europeans in the Americas. Spain took what gold it could and the Indians died out. In 1679, the French took the western part of the island and called it Saint Dominigue. Sugar, indigo and black slaves made Saint Dominigue the richest colony in the world by 1789.
1493 Pope Alexander 6th
gave the Americas to
Spain, on condition it converted the natives to Christianity.
22.1.1510 King Ferdinand of Spain authorised a shipment of 50 African slaves to be sent to Santo Domingo. Start of the trans-atlantic slave trade from Africa - In the preceding two decades, native Americans had been shipped to Spain as slaves.
1540:
first of the Indian Wars?
North Atlantic colonies
The thirteen European colonies that combined against the British to form
the United States of America at the end of the 18th century, were mostly
founded by the English and Dutch in the 17th century. The southern
colonies, such as
Virginia, were mainly
founded
by orthodox members of the English church with royalist sympathies. The
northern states (New
England)
were founded by their puritan critics. In between were
New York and New
Jersey, originally settled by the Dutch, and
Pennsylvania, a
Quaker colony
from 1682.
1607
Virginia
The first permanent English colony on mainland America was founded by the
Virginia Company of London and called "Jamestown, Virginia" (External
link:
Wikipedia article). See 1619: legislature and
African slaves -
1749: Augusta Academy -
1773: Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds
-
1774: Virginia Conventions -
1818: University -
1870: Death of Robert Edward Lee
Captain John Smith first encountered
Iroquois in Chesapeake Bay
1614
New Netherlands
The Dutch West India Company explored and began to settle an area north of
Virginia in 1614. Peter Minuit and other Dutch settlers settled an island
which they bought from the local Indians for 60 gilders worth of goods. He
named this New Amsterdam, and the Dutch holdings in the area were
collectively called New Netherlands. New Amsterdam was granted self
government by the Dutch in 1652. It was captured by the English in
1664, given to the king's brother (the Duke of York), and renamed
New York. This name has also been given to the state of the USA in
which
the city stands.
1619
30.7.1619 Virginia established the first legislative assembly in
America.
First
African slaves
in North America brought to Jamestown, Virginia, by a
Dutch ship.
1620
New England
In 1616, Captain John Smith had published A Description of New
England, describing the land that later became the
north-east states of
the USA. On 6.9.1620, the Mayflower sailed from
Plymouth,
England,
with 102 men and women from a calvinist separatist community seeking a
place in the new world to practice their religion. The "Pilgrims" landed on
6.9.1620 and founded Plymouth Colony in
what became Massachusetts, the first New England colony. They remained a
small group. Puritans, from the Church of England, founded a
colony at Massachusetts Bay in 1629/1630. They came in large numbers.
Maine
settlers
came under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1652. A
confederacy,
formed in
1643, of
Connecticut,
New Haven, Plymouth and
Massachusetts Bay was called the United Colonies of New England. It
was governed by a theocracy till
1693.
Plymouth and
Massachusetts Bay combined to form
Massachusetts in 1691. In
1820,
Maine became
an independent member state of the United States.
| 1627 Captain Henry Powell landed English settlers on the West Indian island of Barbados. The British colony developed a sugar plantation economy using slaves brought in from Africa. |
In 1628, about sixty Puritans under John Endicott migrated to Salem
in what
is now Massachusetts. John Winthrop later led about 1,000 Puritans to
settle in Boston and other towns. They used a commercial charter to
establishe their jurisdiction. Between 1629 and 1639, about
20,000 Puritans came to New England.
1631 The first "General Court" of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
established. Made up of the governor and freemen, it had full legal
authority. The franchise was limited to regenerate church members, and the
church was supported by public taxes. By 1636 the
General Court gave power over the church to the magistrates and, later,
control as to who preached what and where.
1634
27.3.1634 The Werowance (chief) of the Yoacomoco Indians having
agreed
to sell a village to Leonard Calvert in exchange for gifts, trading
guarantees and protection from their enemies, the Susquehannock and
Iroquois
Indians, the village became the English settlement of St Mary's
City. The beginning of
Maryland.
See
Maryland State Archives
1636 Harvard College, the first institute for higher education in a
north American colony, established at Cambridge in Massachusetts -
1637 Boston trial and banishment of Ann Hutchinson at the climax of
the Antinomian Controversy. Anti-nomian is against-law. Ann Hutchinson did not hold
that the redeemed are above the law. She did hold that her own certainty of
salvation was sufficient and that it was not subject to testing by the
Massachusetts' Ministry. The spirit of God speaking directly to her soul
was her authority and she questioned the suitability of all but two of the
Ministers. Given that the Ministers decided who was entitled to vote by
virtue of being truly saved and one of the elect, Ann's religious views
were politically disruptive. [See interpretation: 1966]
1611
Bible: Psalm 76 [note: A declaration of God's majesty in his
church] "In Judah is God known: his name is great in Isreal. In
Salem also is his
tabernacle,
and his dwelling place is Zion". See
theocracy above and
below
"To advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity; dreading
to leave an illiterate Ministry to the Churches." (External
link:
Early history of Harvard University)
by Rachel Buckingham 1995)
|
1639 - Barbados's first parliament, the House of Assembly, held its
first meeting.
|
1643, Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and
Massachusetts Bay formed the United Colonies of New England. John
Davenport, the founder of Connecticut, is quoted as saying:
1650
1652 to 1684: One Peter Esprit Radisson journeyed amongst the
Iroquois. His handwritten
journals passed through the hands of Samuel Pepys and others and finally
arrived in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries.
Gideon Scull transcribed them and they were published in Boston
by the Prince Society in 1885. (Publications of the Prince Society, 16)
(Project Gutenberg Catalogue)
1642
English Civil
War
Notice declaration (1644) of Baptists that men must be allowed to obey
their own conscience and understanding, and the
Quaker following of the
inner light. This spirit was contrary to the New England theocracy where
the church had responsibility for monitoring the beliefs and behaviour of
the people. The church in New England appears to have been aware of the
disruption that Quakers and Ranters had caused in England, and prepared to
repel them if they arrived.
[external link about the Ranters]
"The Theocracy, that is, God's government, is to be established
as the best form of government. Here the people, who choose its civil
rulers, are God's people, in covenant with him, they are members of the
churches; God's laws and God's servants are enquired of for counsel"
1656 Efforts by Quaker missionaries to convert the people of Massachusetts were met with punitive sanctions against them and their converts. The first Quaker missionaries (Mary Fisher and Ann Austin) were stripped and searched for marks of witchcraft and their books burnt in the market place. A law of 1656 prescribed fines or whippings. A law of 1657 increased the punishments for second and subsequent offenses to removing one or both ears and tongue boring with a hot iron. A law of 1658 said Quaker disorders were punishable by banishment "on pain of death". The first executions took place in 1659. [See interpretation: 1966]
Carolina
1663 Charles
2nd
granted a charter to own and exploit the lands
south of
Virginia
and north of Florida to six men who had helped in the
restoration of the monarchy. The territory was called Carolina in honor of
Charles 1st ("Carolus" being the Latin form of "Charles"). The first
permanent European settlements in
these lands had been made about 1650 by people from
Virginia. (external history link)
| 1663 - Barbados was made into a British crown possession. |
1664
Charles
2nd made a grant of land later named New Jersey.
1669
Deborah Wilson, the
Quaker wife of Robert Wilson, had at one time
walked naked through the streets of
Salem as a spiritual
testimony. For this she had been "sentenced to be tied at a cart's tail
with her body naked downward to her waist, and whipped". She was brought
before the court in 1669 for "frequently absenting herself from the
public ordinances", but the case "was dismissed, court being informed that
she is distempered in her head".
(Erikson, K.T. 1966
pages 122
and 132)
1670
English
Madhouses
| 1671 An epistle from the Quakers to the Governor of Barbados |
1672 Two Quakers, Henry and Hannah Phelps, had settled in the Albemarle region of Carolina, but there was no organised Christianity when the Quaker missionaries William Edmundson and (later in 1672) George Fox came to preach the gospel. When Edmundson revisited in 1676, Quakerism was still the only Christian faith in the area and, at this time, this was the only area of the colonial North American coast where Quakers were not persecuted. Two Quakers who arrived there from England were John and Agnes Trueblood, who arrived about 1682. Before they died, in 1692, they acquired land, wealth and a family of four children. All American Truebloods are said to have descended from one of their two sons. (Gordon Trueblood)
|
Piney Woods Friends Church (Meeting House) in Perquimans County, North Carolina is not far from where Edmundson and later Fox preached. Its worshippers include descendants of the first Trueblood settlers. |
1675
At the height of its power, about 1675, Iroquois Confederation conquered wide stretches of the surrounding country. Engels
1676
New Jersey divided into two. The western part was owned by
Quakers,
including
William Penn
1682
Pennsylvania
In 1681, the land now called Pennsylvania (Penn's woodlands)
was granted to the English
Quaker, William Penn, in payment of a debt the
English monarch owed his father. The first Quaker colonists arrived in
1682. The woodlands were, of course, already occupied by the
"Indians", and also by Dutch colonists who had taken it from the Swedish
(in 1655), before it was taken by the British (in 1664) and granted by
Charles 2nd to the Duke of York. Sweden had colonised in 1643. Many
historians say that Penn made fair exchanges with the Indians for their
land. Others that he deceived them and "effectively" stole it. Whatever the
truth, the land was settled peacefully and a "holy experiment" started.
1682 Penn laid out the street plan for Philadelphia: The
City of Brotherly Love
1692 Witch hunts in
Salem, Massachusetts.
19 "witches" hanged.
External chronology. The local trials were
stopped by the Governor of the colony, Phips, who ordered that reliance on
spectral and intangible evidence should not be allowed in trials and
dissolved the local Court of Oyer and Terminer on 29.10.1692. On 25.11.1692
the General Court of
the
colony created the Superior Court to try the
remaining witchcraft cases. There were no convictions when they came to
trial in May 1693. [See interpretation: 1966]
1693:
College of William and Mary, Virginia, Chartered by King William 3rd and
Queen Mary 2nd (external link to history)
1715 Dr Israel How came to Andover (then called South Parish),
Massachusetts. He
was its first physician. When he died in 1740 he was succeeded by his son,
Dr Daniel How. In the middle of the eighteenth century, Daniel How's
practice was especially in treatment of the insane. [The name is also spelt
Howe in some sources]. (Charles
Outwin) See 1761
1718 Collegiate School, Connecticut, (established 1701 and in
New
Haven from 1716, changed its name to Yale College, in honour of a
benefactor, Elihu Yale. (External link
Yale history). Yale College
established a Medical Institution in 1810, Divinity School in
1822, Law School in 1843, Graduate School of Arts and
Sciences
in 1847 and School of Fine Arts in 1869. In
1875 it began the
first sociology course in the USA and in
1887
it became a
University. - See Sumner -
Murdock -
Erikson
1688
English Bloodless
Revolution. The works of
John Locke, published after the revolution,
made
the case for knowledge based on reason and science, the separation of
political and religious authority and a society tolerant of a variety of
religious views.
| 1724-1726 Trainee Philadelphia printer, Benjamin Franklin (1706-1890), working in London |
|
1728
Benjamin Franklin opened his own printing office in Philadelphia, becoming
sole owner in 1729 and publisher of the Pennsylvania Gazette
1736
February 1736 John and Charles Wesley arrived in America.
(external link) - See
Methodist
Hymns
1737
Benjamin Franklin appointed Postmaster of Philadelphia
1740
Working-class Methodists in Philadelphia wanted to build a great preaching
hall for the English evangelist, George Whitfield. It was also to be a
charity school. The University of Pennsylvania claims this as its
foundation. A deed of trust was formed, but funding fell through. In
1749, Benjamin Franklin named a board of trustees, with himself as
president. The Academy opened in 1751 and was chartered in
1755. External link
to Wikipedia article.
1745
1747
Benjamin Franklin's first writings on experimenting with electricity. In
1748 he sold the printing office and retired from business
1749
Augusta Academy opened in Lexington, Virginia. Became Washington and Lee
University. (External link to
timeline)
"New York State's first publicly supported institution for
dependent people was opened in New York City in 1736 and was called "The
House of Correction, Workhouse and Poorhouse". It housed the poor who
refused to work, the poor who were unable to work and the poor who were
willing but unable to find work"
(L. Jane Tracy: The Onondaga Hill Poorhouse
Story)
| 1751 Benjamin Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity published in London. In June 1752 he is said to have tried the suggested experiment of attaching a metal key to a kite and flying it in a thunderstorm to see if it picked up an electrical charge. Issue related to his founding fire insurance and fixing lightning conductors. |
|
1752
Pennsylvania Hospital admitted mentally disturbed patients from 1752.
1754
King's College, New York founded. Later Columbia University. "the oldest
institution of higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth
oldest in the United States".
(external history link) - First Ph.D in
1875 - see
following - 1890 -
1941 -
1946 -
1756
Resignation of ten
Quakers from the Philadelphia Assembly put the Quakers
in a political minority in Philadelphia for the first time.
| 29.1.1756 Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia elected a Fellow of the Royal Society |
|
| 1757-1762 Benjamin Franklin in London as representative of the Pennsylvania Assembly |
|
1761
sensory deprivation:
"In 1761, the Reverend John Wiswall (1731-1821) of Falmouth, Maine suffered
what we would probably now call a "nervous breakdown". He
continued out of his mind for nine months, after which he was
referred to
Dr Daniel Howe
(born 1.5.1717, died 1.11.1797), a doctor in
Andover, Massachusetts, who
prescribed confinement to "a dark chamber". Cure was obtained in a few
weeks." (Charles
Outwin)
| 1764 Benjamin Franklin in London |
|
| 1772 |
|
Death of John Woolman (1720-1772), an American (New Jersey) Quaker whose life and writings had a profound effect (inside and outside the Quakers) in Britain, as well as America. There is an online text of his Journal at Bartleby.com John Woolman died of smallpox at York, Yorkshire, England on 7.10.1772.
| 1773 |
|
British passed a Tea Act, which aroused strong opposition in the American colonies.
16.12.1773 "Boston Tea Party". Colonials tip 342 chests of tea into the sea.
Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds, the first in what became the United States, opened at Williamsburg, Virginia. [External link]
| 1774 Benjamin Franklin in London |
|
British closed the port of Boston in response to the tea party
Virginia Conventions began, leading to the First Continental Congress (meetings of the American colonies) which met in Philadelphia from 5.9.1774 to 14.10.1774, when it passed the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress.
| 1775 |
|
April 1775 to 1783: War between the British and their rebellious American colonies. The armed rebellion began at the Lexington and Concord Bridge, and spread. The rebel army was led by George Washington.
14.6.1775: The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts passed the following resolve:
"Whereas the committee are informed that Dr How of Andover is prepared to receive insane patients and is well skilled in such disorders, resolved that Daniel Adams, a lunatic now at Woburn, be carried to the town of Andover and committed to the care of Doctor How and the said Dr How be hereby desired to take proper care of the said lunatic at the expense of this colony."
| 1776 |
|
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers) disowned members who persisted in owning slaves.
January 1776 Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine, published anonymously.
12.6.1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights; written by George Mason
29.6.1776 Virginia State Constitution adopted. This became a model for all the rebel colonies as they formed themselves into states.
11.7.1776 Chiefs of the Iroquois visited and addressed the Continental Congress that was discussing independence from Britain of the colonial states. external link
4.7.1776 Declaration
of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, formally adopted
at the Second Continental Congress by all rebel states. In June, the
Congress had adopted a resolution that:
"these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent
states."
| 1777 |
|
The Continental Congress adopted the thirteen stars and stripes as the flag of the independent states acting in combination. "Articles of Confederation" were drafted, but did not come into operation until 1781 - when Maryland agreed to ratify them.
| 1781 |
|
Articles of Confederation came into operation, providing for the common defence of the states and some pursuit of common aims.
| 1783 |
|
Independence of "these United States" recognised by the Treaty of Paris
The separate states adopted distinct constitutions, allowing for more democracy than under their colonial constitutions.
|
The rebel 13 are only a small part of the present USA. On this Victorian
map, the original thirteen are:
New Hampshire (2)
click on this map for the full
map of the USA
|
| 1787 |
|
25.5.1787 to 17.9.1787: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
17.9.1787 The Constitution of the United States adopted by the Constitutional Convention
"The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same."
27.10.1787 First of eighty-five anonymous articles (pseudonym
Publius) in New York newspapers. Collected together as a book, in
1788, these became known as The Federalist or The
Federalist
Papers. Their authors were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
John
Jay.
John Adams' A Defence of the Constitution of Government of the United
States includes discussion of
Iroquois forms of government. [See
external link]
The Union as a Safeguard
Against
Domestic Faction and Insurection
Dictionary:
Pluralism
|
Presidency of George Washington 1789 to 1797
|
1791
15.12.1791 First ten Amendments to the Constitution
("The Bill of
Rights") adopted
Printed in London, for the author, John Long (known to be alive 1768-1791)
Voyages and travels of an Indian interpreter and trader: describing the
manners and customs of the North American Indians; with an account of the
posts situated on the river Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, &c. to which is
added, a vocabulary of the Chippeway language, names of furs and skins, in
English and French, a list of words in the
Iroquois, Mohegan, Shawanee, and
Esquimeaux tongues, and a table, shewing the analogy between the Algonkin
and Chippeway languages (See Durkheim on
totemism)
|
Pacifying native Americans
The new United States of America extended its borders and fought to establish a monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in its territory. Native americans, who were tribal rather than territorial, resisted. They were not finally defeated until 1890. After independence, groups of euro-americans moved west. They were protected from Indian tribes by the United States army. Little Turtle led warriors of the Miami, Shawnee, and other tribes against the US army, north of the Ohio River, in 1790 and 1791. The Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to forge a grand alliance of tribes west of the mountains, but was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed in battle in 1812. Native americans in the south were defeated at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (present-day Alabama) in 1814. In the 1820s the USA Government developed a policy of moving native american tribes away from the east to territories west of the Mississippi River. |
1797
Spring Grove Hospital,
Maryland
1799
| Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 1801 to 1809 |
1804
6.2.1804
Joseph Priestley died Northumberland, Pennsylvania, USA. He was
buried in the
Quakers' burial-ground.
1808 New York Lunatic Asylum, previously in the cellar of the
north wing of New York Hospital, moved to its own building. Renamed
Bloomingdale Asylum in 1821. Moved to White Plains in 1894.
(external link:
archive of old location and
new location)
1810
| Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind, by Benjamin Rush, Professor of medicine in the University of Pennsylvania and physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital, included details of his Tranquilliser, an 1811 picture of which is very well known: |
|
1813
1816
1817
Friend's Asylum, Philadelphia opened. Modeled on
York Retreat
1818
Lewis Henry Morgan born. See
1851
1868
1871
1877
1880
1881
1882
1883
Thomas Jefferson founded what became The University of Virginia.
External
links:
Wikipedia article
- Short
history by Susan Tyler Hitchcock -
details of her book.
"Jefferson, with his friend Joseph Cabell, managed to get the Virginia
Assembly to agree to fund a state university - Virginia is considered
the first of all of them". (Susan Tyler Hitchcock - email)
1819
New York State completed the building of Auburn State Prison, started in
1816.
External link: Auburn
1860
"the Auburn system stressed congregate activities. Inmates slept in
segregated cells but moved into workshops during the day and even outside
the prison walls to work in tightly disciplined gangs, eating together in a
common mess hall. In order to maintain order among this large company of
men, the Auburn officials made liberal use of the whip and enforced a
policy of absolute silence among the convicts." (Erikson, K.T. 1966 p.200)
"Pennsylvania officials worked out the details of a rival plan, the
separate system, applying it to the penitentiary at Pittsburgh in 1826 and
to the prison at Philadelphia in 1829"
Rothman, D. 1971, p.79)
"Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia was a product of
Quaker
thinking and planning. Architecturally, it was a powerful fortress of
stone, gloomy and massive like a medieval castle, but inside a new idea of
prison discipline was being developed: each convict was locked in a
separate call and confined there for the duration of his sentence, working
at useful trades in the privacy of his room and exercising by himself in an
isolated courtyard. The whole arrangement bore the stamp of Quaker
theology, for the stated purpose of this solitary treatment was to give the
inmate a chance to come to terms with his inner self and gain a more
religious outlook for the future" (Erikson, K.T. 1966 p.200)
"In short order, the
Connecticut legislature stopped using an abandoned
copper mine to incarcerate offenders, and in 1827 built a new structure at
Wethersfied.
Massachusetts reorganised its state prison at Charleston in
1829; that same year,
Maryland
erected a penitentiary, and one year later
New Jersey followed suit. Ohio and Michigan built penitentiaries
in the
1830s, and so did Indiana, Wisconsin and Minnesota in the 1840s."
Rothman, D. 1971, pages 80-81)
1821
Friends Hospital website
The Early Years of Friends Asylum
1817-1820
Isaac Bonsall's Diaries 1817-1823
"The University of Michigan was established in 1817 by the
Michigan Territorial legislature as one of the United States' first public
universities on 1,920 acres (8 kmý) of land ceded by the Chippewa, Ottawa,
and Potawatomi people "_for a college at Detroit." The school moved from
Detroit to Ann Arbor in
1837, only 13 years after the latter city had been
founded."
(Wikipedia)
"In the 1820's New York and Pennsylvania began a movement
that
soon spread through the Northeast, and then over the next decades to many
midwestern states. New York devised the Auburn or congregate system of
penitentiary organisation, establishing it first at the Auburn state prison
between 1819 and 1823, and then in 1825 at the Ossining institution
similarly known as Sing-Sing"
Rothman, D. 1971, p.79)
|
Indian Territory
In the 1820s, the USA government began moving what it called the "Five Civilized Tribes" of South East America (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, and Chickasaw) to lands west of the Mississippi River. The 1830 Indian Removal Act gave the President authority to designate specific lands for the Indians (native Americans). The 1834 Indian Intercourse Act called the lands Indian Territory and specified where they were: all of present-day Oklahoma North and East of the Red River, as well as Kansas and Nebraska. But, in 1854 the territory was cut down when Kansas and Nebraska territories were created. White settlers continued to invade the West and half the remaining Indian Territory (West Oklahoma) was opened to whites in 1889. In 1907 Oklahoma became a state of the USA, and Indian Territory was no more. (external link). Gill's Geography map has "Indian Territory" shown east of "Oklahoma".
First nations site has detailed history
of how these issues related to the
Iroquois
|
| Presidency of Andrew Jackson 1829 to 1837 |
1829
23.10.1829 First part of Eastern State Penitentiary Pennsylvania, in
Cherry Hill/Fairmount, opened.
(external link to museum website timeline) -
[See Separate
System]. It replaced the original
Walnut Street Prison -
[External link to illustrated website relating both prisons to
Foucault.]
1829-1833 First publication of Encyclop‘dia Americana: "A
popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and
biography, brought down to the present time; including a copious collection
of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th edition
of the German Conversations-Lexicon
(Wikipedia)
1832 Worcester Insane Asylum, the first in
Massachusetts,
opened.
1836
New York State commission established 1836 to build a lunatic asylum,
purchased land (Utica) in 1837. The asylum opened in
1843.
| Presidency of Martin Van Buren 1837 to 1841 |
1837
1838
Ohio Lunatic Asylum established at Columbus, Central Ohio.
23.9.1838 Brunel's
Great Western Steamship arrived in New York on its first journey
from Bristol, England. It had sailed on 8.4.1838. The return voyage
left from New York on 7.5.1838 and arrived Bristol 22.5.1838.
The vessel ran for nine seasons - lying up in winter.
(external link)
1839
Boston Lunatic Asylum opened at South Boston, County of Suffolk,
Massachusetts,
(taken over by the state in 1908)
New York City Lunatic Asylum on
Blackwell's Island opened. (Architect: A.J. Davis, 1835-1839). It was
designed as a copy of Hanwell. It
was the largest mental hospital in the United States during its time.
As New York City's pauper asylum, it was overcrowded from the start, and
completely overwhelmed by the Irish famine immigration. "Foreign born"
patients generally made up about 75 percent of its population. The
asylum, run by the City's Almshouse Commission, was never adequately
funded, and was mired in political infighting from inception. Alterations
by archtect Joseph M. Dunn in 1879. The asylum was closed in 1895. Part of
the 1839 building survives and is now called the Octagon. (Information
mainly from Diane
Richardson)
Cuban
Slaver ship
Amistad captured by its black cargo (2.7.1839).
Arrested
of New York (26.8.1839). Subsequent trials etc a focus for
anti-slavery
agitation. External link:
The Amistad Revolt
10.9.1839 Charles Sanders Peirce born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
External link to
biography
14.10.1840 Maine State Hospital for the insane opened.
Superintendent Cyrus Knapp. 30 patients by 31.12.1840.
12.6.1840 World
Anti-Slavery Conference opened in
London. British slaves having been
freed in the
1830s, the emphasis of the conference was on the liberation of
United States slaves.
Six delegates from the United
States were women.
| Presidency of William H. Harrison 1841 |
| Presidency of John Tyler 1841 to 1845 |
In 1841 Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802-1887) taught a Sunday school class in the East Cambridge (Massachusetts) jail. She was disturbed that insane people were in the prison. She spent eighteen months touring Massachusetts institutions where the mentally ill were confined, and reported to the Massachusetts legislature in 1843
University of Michigan opened at Ann Arbour (external link)
American Ethnological Society begun in New York City (External link to history on its website)
11.1.1842 William James born New York. External link to a William James website and its biography. - 1898 - Pragmatism - Clifford Beers 1906
asylums in 1842 England
and
Wales
Dorothea Dix in England and
Scotland (1854)
external links to a biography, another her childhood
17.1.1842 Charles Dickens arrived in Newfoundland, and from there travelled to Halifax and Boston. He left America for England on 7.6.1842 and, on 18.10.1842 published his controversial American Notes. These included accounts of his visits to prisons, asylums and other institutions. Of the State Hospital for the Insane, South Boston he wrote:
"admirably conducted on those enlightened principles of conciliation and kindness , which twenty years ago would have been worse than heretical, and which have been acted upon with such success in our own pauper Asylum at Hanwell. 'Evince a desire to show some confidence and repose some trust, even in mad people' said the resident physician as we walked along the galleries'"
Saturday 2.4.1842 edition of The Albion contained an editorial and comprehensive report, with statistics about the Hanwell Pauper Lunatic Asylum", in London. Brad Edmondson is investigating the possibility that this relates to the establishment of the New York State Asylum
1842 Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane opened
The Oregon Trail began in 1842 when, for a few years, many people left the Missouri river region in large group of horse drawn wagons heading westward, over the mountains, to Oregon, the land bordering the Pacific in the Columbia River area. They came into conflict with the British in the Hudson Bay Company, who shared this area with the United States. In 1846, this conflict was resolved by drawing a national boundary at the 49th parallel. The first wagon train arrived in the Puget Sound, the large inlet of Pacific water into what is now Washington State, in 1845. It was led by Michael Simmons and George W. Bush, a free Black. Oregon Territory (from the 42nd parallel to the 49th) was created in 1848, but divided into Oregon Territory and Washington Territory in 1853. Oregon became a state in 1859. Washington became a state in 1889
1843: Dorothea Dix's Memorial to the Massachusetts legislature , in which she argued that the 120 beds in the Worcester State Asylum were not enough for all the lunatics she found in Massachusetts poorhouses and prisons. The asylum was expanded to 320 beds.
1843 New York State Lunatic Asylum at Utica completed - external link to history on Rootsweb site, which describes it as "one of the earliest structures to incorporate progressive theories on the treatment of mental illness". The first superintendent was Amariah Brigham. An abstract of a description from the American Journal of Insanity July 1847 has been made available online by the Disability Museum.
1843 The first permanent colony in what is now British Columbia was established (in present-day Victoria) by the British in 1843
One of the slogans of the 1844 USA presidential election was "Fifty-four forty or fight", meaning the British should be made to withdraw north of the 54.40"North latitude on the Pacific coast, by force if necessary. The issue was resolved, without war, by dividing the Columbia river region between the USA and British Columbia at the 49th parallel. (map) British Columbia website
External link: Dorothea Dix in New Jersey (archive)
| Asylum doctors: |
asylum doctors in the
UK
|
|
16.10.1844 A meeting in Philadelphia of the following thirteen, formed the American Association of Medical Superintendents, which later became the American Psychiatric Association:
Samuel White (1777-1850), who inaugurated the Hudson Lunatic Asylum in New York (??) Thomas Kirkbride (1809-1883). Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Hospital from 1840 to 1883. Creator of the Kirkbride model of an asylum which was used throughout the United States.
Amariah Brigham (1798-1849). Superintendent of the
Lunatic Asylum at
Utica, New York State.
Isaac Ray (1807-1881). Superintendent of the State Hospital at Augusta, Maine. Pliny Earle (1809-1892). Superintendent of the Bloomingdale Hospital, New York Luther Bell (1806-1862). Superintendent of the McLean Asylum in Somerville, Massachusetts Wilson Awl (1799-1876). Organiser of the Ohio State Asylum Nehemiah Cutter (1787-1859). Organiser of a private hospital: the Peperell Asylum, Massachusetts. Francis Stribling (1810-1874). Superintendent of the Western Lunatic Asylum of Virginia. John Butler (1803-1890). Superintendent of the Boston Lunatic Asylum and later (after Brigham) of the Hartford Retreat. John Galt (1819-1862). First superintendent of the Williamsburg Asylum. (??) Charles Stedman (1805-1866). Superintendent (after Butler) of the Boston Lunatic Asylum |
|
22.10.1844 Jesus did not return to earth in his second coming as had been predicted by the followers of William Miller. The disappointment is now part of Seventh Day Adventist history. See The Ellen G. White Estate - The official Ellen G. White website (positive) and The Ellen White Research Project (critical). The article on Millerite Insanity is on the critical site.
| Presidency of James K. Polk 1845 to 1849 |
Dix, D. L. and YA Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) (1845). Memorial. To the Honourable the Senate and General Assembly of the state of New Jersey. Trenton,.
Dix, D. L. (1845). Memorial soliciting a state hospital for the insane. Philadelphia, I. Ashmead printer.
1847 Ralph Waldo Emerson's Poems included Astraea - (See mythology) -
" I saw men go up and down
In the country and the town,
With this prayer upon their neck,
"Judgment and a judge we seek."
Not to monarchs they repair,
Nor to learned jurist's chair,
But they hurry to their peers,
To their kinsfolk and their dears,
Louder than with speech they pray,
What am I? companion; say.
And the friend not hesitates
To assign just place and mates,
Answers not in word or letter,
Yet is understood the better;-
Is to his friend a looking-glass,
Reflects his figure that doth pass.
Every wayfarer he meets
What himself declared, repeats;
What himself confessed, records;
Sentences him in his words,
The form is his own corporal form,
And his thought the penal worm."
1847 Illinois State Hospital for the Insane, Jacksonville, opened
On the Construction, Organisation, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane, with some remarks on Insanity and its Treatment by Thomas Kirkbride.
Dix, D. L. (1847). Memorial soliciting enlarged and improved accomodations for the insane of the state of Tennessee. Nashville, B. R. M'Kennie printer.
1848 Indiana Hospital for the Insane opened about three miles west of Indianapolis. It started with just five patients. Many people moved to Indiana in the next half-century and, by 1900, the hospital had an average of 1,800 patients. In the meantime, other Indiana hospitals for the insane had opened, and this one was renamed Central State Hospital for the Insane. From 1929 it was just Central State Hospital. It closed in 1994, but the Pathology Department building was preserved and now houses the Indiana Medical History Museum. (external link)
15.5.1848 New Jersey Lunatic Asylum at Trenton opened. The first to be built on the Kirkbride plan. (Rootsweb, which has pictures) - See 1907
| Presidency of Zacharey Taylor 1849 to 1850 |
Dix, D. L. and Alabama. General assembly. House of representatives 1849. [from old catalog] (1849). Memorial soliciting a state hospital for the insane. Montgomery, Office of the Advertiser and gazette.
| Presidency of Millard Fillmore 1850 to 1853 |
Spring 1850: Convention of Women in Ohio.
23.10.1850 - 24.10.1850 Women's Rights Convention,
Worcester, Massachusetts. Worcester was a centre of anti-slavery agitation,
out of which the Women's Rights Movement in the United States developed.
See
The Enfranchisement of
Women
Lewis Henry Morgan, League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois Rochester; New York: Sage & Brother: M.H. Newman & Co.; and others. Included a folding map and a "Schedule explanatory of the Indian map," arranged in three columns giving the corresponding English and Indian names of the localities, stream, etc., with their signification.
1852 Second Massachusetts Hospital for the insane opened at Taunton.
20.2.1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom's Cabin (book
form) -
(Wikipedia entry)
| Presidency of Franklin Pierce 1853 to 1857 |
1853 Washington Territory was established with Isaac Stevens as its first territorial governor. The medical superintendent of a large English lunatic asylum governed as many people as Isaac Stevens in 1853, but by 1860 the territory's population had multiplied tenfold to 11,500. In 1854 the first session of the territorial legislature adapted a poor law with provision for care of insane. "Counties" were delegated this responsibility and, in 1855, King County presented a bill for $1659 for caring for Edward Moore, a "non-resident lunatic pauper". As the entire annual income of the territory was $1199, the bill was declined, and Edward Moore returned by sea to Boston, his home. (Kathleen Benoun)
Henry David Thoreau's Walden - Or Life in the Woods told the story of his period of simple living in Massachusetts in 1845. (external link to a copy). (See Skinner's Walden Two)
Birth of Albion Woodbury Small (died 1926) - External link: Chicago archives - biography
14.2.1854 Birth of George Hunt (died September 1933). Worked for Franz Boas as informant and translator, supplying artifacts and stories from 1888 (external link)
1854 Phineas Taylor Barnum held what is said to have been the first modern American beauty contest. It was closed after public protest. (Wikipedia)
St Elizabeth's Hospital for the Insane, Washington DC, established. (external link) - (external link) - See 1884 - 1886 - 1903 - 1907 - 1937 - 1955
The Age of Fable, or Stories of Gods and Heroes by Thomas Bullfinch, published 1855, was combined with other books by him as Bulfinch's Mythology in 1881. His stories are based on the poems of Ovid and Virgil.
| Presidency of James Buchanan 1857 to 1861 |
Gold discovered in the Fraser Valley and thousands of people came in search of instant wealth. To help maintain law and order, the British government established the colony of British Columbia in 1858. The colony of Vancouver Island joined British Columbia in 1866.
1858 Third Massachusetts Hospital for the insane opened at Northampton. - external link to Tom Riddle's website
9.7.1858 Franz Boas born in Germany. Died 21.12.1942. Anthopologist working with native Americans. See 1885: fieldwork - 1889: Clark University - 1892: Field Museum Chicago 1893: Chicago World's Fair - 1895: New York - 1896: Columbia University - (Wikipedia - collections - Columbia)
15.4.1858
Emile Durkheim born.
His last lectures (1913/1914) included a comparison of his sociology with that of pragmatists, such as Dewey.
| 20.10.1859: John Dewey born (died 1.6.1952) | See Chicago timeline 1859-1952 |
Reverend Theophilus Packard committed his wife, Elizabeth Parsons Ware Packard to the Illinois State Asylum at Jacksonville.
| 6.9.1860 Jane Adams born (died 21.5.1935) | See Chicago timeline 1859-1952 |
20.12.1860 South Carolina became first state to secede from Union
| Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 1861 to 1865 |
8.2.1861 Confederate States adopt Provisional Constitution
1.3.1861 Iowa State Hospital for the Insane at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, finished.
|
12.4.1861 Civil War begins
During the Civil War, Jacob Mendez Da Costa (1833-1900) was a doctor at the
Military Hospital in Philadelphia, where he made may of the observations on
which he based a paper on "irritable heart" (sometimes called soldier's
heart) in 1871. This disorder was brought on by extreme fear.
Arthur Bowen Richards Myers (1838-1921) was the first to describe it (in
1870) in On the etiology and prevalence of diseases of the heart
among soldiers, published in London by J. Churchill. The syndrome was
later named Da Costa's syndrome. (External links:
who named it and
War Syndromes and Their Evaluation... by Kenneth C. Hyams, Stephen Wignall
and Robert Roswell)
October 1862 St. John's Lunatic Asylum in Vancouver, Washington opened by the Sisters of Charity. It was the first asylum in Washington Territory. The Sisters contracted with the territory to care for patients at $8 a week, and a total of 17 patients were admitted between 1862 and 1865. The Emancipation of USA slaves Proclamation The Gettysburg Address Elizabeth Packard released from Illinois State Asylum 13.8.1863 William Isaac Thomas born. See 1892 - 1904 - 1918 14.2.1864 Robert E. Park born. See 1884 - 1892 - 1898 - 1903 - 1914 - 1921 - 1925 - 1936 - died 7.2.1944 - weblinks
The American Social Science Association founded "to aid the development of
Social Science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of
promoting the Amendments of Laws, the Advancement of Education, the
Prevention and Repression of Crimes, the Reformation of Criminals, and the
Progress of Public Morality, the Adoption of Sanitary Regulations and the
Diffusion of Sound Principles on the Questions of Economy, Trade and
Finance."
The 13th amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery 14.4.1865 Lincoln shot by Boothe, died next day
(external link: Andrew Johnson) 13.2.1865 Nebraska passed an Act for arrangments with Iowa to send insane patients to the Iowa asylum at Mount Pleasant. The arrangement continued until July 1870, when Nebraska had to move six of its incurable patients into the Pawnee county jail until the asylum at Lincoln was completed 26.5.1865 Confederate Army surrendered at Shreveport, Louisiana: End of USA Civil War.
|
The Laguna Honda Hospital and Rehabilitation Center, San Francisco was opened. For many years the "inmates" were expected to work in exchange for care. It then became a we'll-meet-all-your-needs place. By 2002 it had become a 1,000 plus bed long-term care government run hospital. Believed to be (now) the only large facility of its kind in the United States.
1866 legislation enacted establishing a hospital for the insane in Connecticut. - (history and archives) - 20.5.1867 - Henry Noble 1901
George M. Beers born about 1866 - See Clifford - He looked after Clifford in 1900.
British North American Act created the Dominion of Canada
USA bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars
20.5.1867 cornerstone laid in Middletown for the General Hospital for Insane of the State of Connecticut - 1874: name changed to Connecticut Hospital for the Insane - By 1879, referred to as Connecticut State Hospital. See Clifford Beers 8.11.1902
Elizabeth Packard "in the winter of 1867, I came alone, and at my own expense, from Massachusetts to Illinois ... trying to induce the Legislature to ... pass ... a Bill for the Protection of Personal Liberty
Lewis Henry Morgan, The American beaver and his works. J.B. Lippincott & Co.
| Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 1869 to 1877 |
Birth of Henry Chandler Cowles' (1869-1939). See 1895 - 1898 - 1901 - 1913 -
Samuel R. Beers born about 1869 - See Clifford - 1894 - early death 1900
12.10.1870 Death of Robert Edward Lee, Confederate General and then (from 1865) the President of Washington University, Virginia. On the work table in his office there was a copy of On the prevention and treatment of mental disorders published in 1859 by George Robinson, MD (1821-1875) the owner of Bensham Asylum, near Gateshead, in the north-east of England. [Source: Jeptha Greer] External links Washington and Lee Chapel - Washington and Lee University Timeline (archive)
26.11.1870 First patient admitted to Nebraska State Asylum at Lincoln.
1870/1871
Lewis Henry Morgan,
Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family
Smithsonian contributions to knowledge volume 17. (Smithsonian
Institution, Washington)
1871
| Washington Territory's first Lunatic Asylum established from a closed Army post called Fort Steilacoom. Now Western State Hospital, Washington. The second state hospital was opened in 1888 The picture below shows Western State Hospital in the 1940s, at about the time that the film star Frances Farmer became a patient. Her autobiography Will there really be a morning? generated a lot of unwelcome publicity for the hospital in 1978. (Kathleen Benoun) |
|
1872
Under Elizabeth Packard's influence,
Iowa
passed a similar bill to
Illinois. Other states followed suite.
1873
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, founded.
Wikipedia
Birth of Abraham Arden Brill (died 1948), the
first major translator of the works
of
Sigmund Freud from German into English. The New York
Psychonalytic Society was founded under his chairmanship in 1911. In 1920
he was "PH.B., M.D. Clinical assistant, Department of Psychiatry and
Neurology,
Columbia
University; Assistant in Mental Diseases, Bellevue Hospital;
Assistant
Visiting Physician, Hospital for Nervous Diseases"
Birth of Charles Christopher Adams (1873-1955).
"Arriving from Harvard at the University of Chicago in 1899, Adams studied
under
Charles B. Davenport,
Henry C. Cowles, and Charles Otis Whitman. He worked
as a
curator at the University of Michigan's Natural History Museum while
completing
his Ph.D., awarded in 1908. From 1908 to 1914, he served as a professor in
animal ecology at the University of Illinois". 1913 Animal Ecology
"In December 1914, he
participated
in the initial organizational meeting of the Ecological Society of America"
William C. Beers born about 1873 - See
Clifford Beers
1874
16.9.1874
Frederic Edward Clements born, (died 26.7.1945) See
1905 -
1916 -
1917 -
1925 -
[Wikipedia]. Clements argued that plant
communities develop thorough stages to a climax community.
9.11.1874 Missouri State Lunatic Asylum Number 2 at St
Joseph's. In 1968 George Glore, a worker at the hospital, created models to
illustrate the history of psychiatric treatment in the USA. From this
developed a museum now known as the
Glore Psychiatric Museum. Now in its own
modern building, the museum has outlived its hospital and is a major
tourist attraction. Curator, Scott Clark. -
Museum link -
Roadside America link
Christmas 1874
The Lambs New York formed. A gentleman's club
for actors. It was the twin of the
London Lambs Club.
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, founded
in 1874, claims to be "the world's oldest independent scientific monthly
in the field of human behaviour". It started (1874) as the Chicago
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (first two years). The first
years of the journal balanced neurology and psychiatry. -
See History of Chicago Neurology
1875
14.12.1875: New England Psychological Society formed at
Worcester, Massachusetts. Pliny Earle, superintendent of the Northampton
Lunatic Hospital, elected president. The name was changed to the New
England Society of Psychiatry on 26.3.1907. (see
words)
The first
Columbia PhD was awarded in 1875
1876 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
Maryland, opened.
"the first university in the Western Hemisphere founded on the model of the
European research institution, where research and the advancement of
knowledge were integrally linked to teaching".
(external link)
[What did the others do? - Does this mean that John Hopkins was the first
USA institution that a European would have recognised as a university? See
Yale]
Johns Hopkins University: See
1883 (Psychology laboratory) -
1884 -
1889 (Hospital) -
1890 (women) -
1910 (Adolph Meyer) -
1913 (John B. Watson) -
1920 (Rosalie Rayner - Joyce
Greenacr3 - Curt Richter) -
1926
(Gillespie) -
1995 (Germany)
30.3.1876 Birth of Clifford Whittingham Beers in New Haven,
Connecticut - The Beer brothers were
George (suicide June 1932) -
Samuel (early death 4.7.1900)
-
William (suicide in a mental hospital in 1930) -
Clifford (died in a mental
hospital 9.7.1943) -
Carl (died in a mental
hospital
November 1935 - p.283) -
(1880 Census for family)
18.5.1876 Birth of Henry Andrews Cotton in Norfolk, Virginia. See
1909 -
4.7.1918 -
October 1918 -
18.1.1926 -
Wikipedia - Obituary
New York Times 9.5.1933
-
Gilbert Honigfeld
2009
See external link:
Darwin's Impact: Social Evolution in America, 1880-1920
(archive)
and
History of Economic Thought Web, which
describes Sumner as a "Social Darwinist, American counterpart of the
British evolutionary theorist, Herbert Spencer. Defended radical laissez-
faire as being justified by laws of evolution".
"Although colleges devoted to the instruction of future
clergymen, other professionals, and members of the upper strata have
flourished in America since the colonial period, the first full-fledged
American university, Johns Hopkins, opened its doors only in 1876.
Four
years later
Columbia College began to develop into a national
university.
The universities of Michigan and Pennsylvania followed soon after. In
1891
large endowments from private benefactors led to the creation of two new
major universities, Stanford and the University of Chicago. Others soon
followed."
(Lewis Coser)
| Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes 1877 to 1881 |
|
Lewis Henry Morgan,
(1818
-1881) Ancient society, or, researches in the
lines of human progress from savagery, through barbarism to
civilization Chicago : C.H. Kerr.
See Marx and Engels Origin Durkheim on totemism Fison and Howitt |
|
Richard L. Dugdale, 1877, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity, New York, G.P. Putnam. Webster's 1913 Dictionary included the following entry:
"Jukes, The: A pseudonym used to designate the descendants of two sisters, the Jukes sisters, whose husbands were sons of a backwoodsman of Dutch descent. They lived in the State of New York, and their history was investigated by R. L. Dugdale as an example of the inheritance of criminal and immoral tendencies, disease, and pauperism. Sixty per cent of those traced showed, degeneracy, and they are estimated to have cost society $1,308,000 in 75 years."
1878
In 1878, William Welch established the first pathology laboratory in the
United States at Bellevue Hospital in New York and shortly after T. Michell
Prudden started one at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Although
these laboratories were designated as pathology laboratories, bacteriologic
research and teaching were part of the program."
(W. L. Mallmann 1974) -
(archive)
January 1878
Charles S. Peirce
"How to Make Our Ideas Clear" in
Popular Science Monthly 12, pages 286-302.
1879
Bureau of
Ethnology established by an Act of Congress. Later re-named
Bureau of
American Ethnology.
(Wikipedia)
February 1879 The
Anthropological Society of Washington founded,
"government-sponsored anthropology centered in Washington - in the earlier
days largely at the Smithsonian Institution" (External source:
pdf of Records, including history
-
html)
Carl E. Beers born 1879 - See
Clifford
1880
American Journal of Philology founded
25.10.1880 Oregon State Legislature authorised the construction of
the first state lunatic asylum. The State Insane Asylum at Salem,
Oregon was opened in 1883 with 320 patients. Before that, Oregonian
lunatics were cared for in a private asylum in Portland at state expense.
(Rootsweb, which has pictures)
Lewis Henry Morgan,
A Study of the Houses of the American Aborigines; with suggestions
for the exploration of the Ruins in New Mexico, Arizona, the valley of
the San Juan, and in Yucatan and Central America.
"Although there were many
pathology and bacteriology
laboratories in Europe prior to 1875, none existed in the United States.
Why no laboratories were established in the United States before 1875 is
difficult to understand because biologists and teachers in the universities
and medical schools were familiar with the researches of
Pasteur,
Koch and
Lister.
|
Presidency of James A. Garfield (Republican)
1881
Presidency of Chester A. Arthur (Republican) 1881 to 1885 |
1881
Lewis Henry Morgan, Houses and house-life of the American aborigines This was part of the original manuscript of Ancient Society It was published as volume four of Contributions to North American ethnology Department of the Interior. U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.
1882
The life and works of Lewis H. Morgan. An address at his funeral by
Joshua Hall Macilvaine. [Rochester, N.Y.]
1883
The first laboratory of psychology in America is established
at
Johns Hopkins University
Memoir of Lewis H. Morgan of Rochester, N.Y. etc. by
Charles Henry Hart. Philadelphia
Robert Henry Lowie born, Vienna, 1883. Died 1957.
(Wikipedia)
1884
The superintendent of
St Elizabeth's Hospital for the Insane, W.W. Godding, appointed
Isaac W. Blackburn as head of the first
pathology laboratory established in a lunatic asylum in the USA.
In 1884,
John Dewey published "Kant and Philosophic Method" (April), was
awarded his Ph.D by
Johns Hopkins University (June) and was appointed instructor in
philosophy at
University of Michigan (July). One of his students at Michigan
was
Robert E. Park.
[see autobiographical note]
Dewey left Michigan in
1888. Robert Park worked as a journalist from 1887 to
1898
[see autobiographical note]
| Presidency of Grover Cleveland (Democrat) 1885 to 1889 |
1885
Roderick Duncan McKenzie
Roderick Duncan McKenzie born (died 1940). See
1923 -
1925 -
1929 -
1933 -
Boas emigrated to the United States, to "assume an editorial
position with the journal Science"
(source) - "From 1885 to
1896,
Boas conducted fieldwork under the auspices of several museums
on the North Pacific Coast of North America"
(source) - "In 1886, he embarked upon
... what would become his most famous
ethnographic project, working among
the Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw) Indians of the Northwest Coast, after which he
secured his first academic position in
1889
(source)
Louis Untermeyer (1885-1977) "Schools used his
Modern American and
British poetry books widely, and they often
formed students' introduction to poetry"
(Wikipedia) - "Louis Untermeyer was most noted for the
anthologies of poetry which he compiled and edited. Some of these works,
first published in the 1920s, continued to be used as high school and
college textbooks well into the 1970s"
(Biographical note, University of Delaware)
1886
Of 1,588
paretic patients
admitted to
St.
Elizabeth's Hospital between 1886 and
1924,
1,198 died in the
hospital.
16.5.1886
Ernest Watson Burgess born. See 1921 -
1925 - 1945
1887
Yale College became Yale University
1888
27.1.1888 National Geographic Society founded in Washington DC. The
National Geographic Magazine started in September/October 1888.
[external link to website]. The
Royal Geographical
Society in Great Britain was founded in 1830.
New York investigative reporter Nellie Bly disguised herself as a mental
patient, then wrote Ten days in a Mad House
In Washington State
there is a lake so full of salts that it is known as
"Medical Lake". The lake was exploited commercially by an English
immigrant, Stanley Hallett (1851- ) who owned much of the land. Hallett
persuaded the legislature, of what was then Washington Territory,
to construct the
second
State Lunatic Asylum there in 1888. It is now Eastern State Hospital
(Washington) (Kathleen Benoun's
timeline says it opened in 1891)
external
link
"The original Kirkbride
building at Medical Lake is long gone,
but the building that replaced it has an approximation of a Kirkbride floor
plan, with male and female wings extending from a larger center wing.
Originally just a mental hospital, the complex now houses mental health
patients, chimpanzees, juvenile criminal offenders, and bats, as the mental
hospital has downsized and different uses have been found."
(Rootsweb, which has pictures)
| Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (Republican) 1889 to 1893 |
1889
Foundation of Hull House, Chicago: (visit the museum)
11.11.1889 Washington Territory became Washington State, the 42nd state of the USA
Boas secured his first academic appointment which was at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Johns Hopkins Hospital opened
1890
A Womens Fund Committee was started to raise funds on condition that
women were admitted to the medical school at Johns Hopkins University Between 1890 and 1907 the
whole University gradually became co-educational (staff and students). It
has been suggested
(Broadhurst, P.L. 1967)
that concern for the moral welfare of students made it particularly
sensitive to sexual scandal. About 1908, James Mark Baldwin, its leading
Professor of Philosophy and Psychology, was arrested in a brothel and
subsequently dismissed, creating the opportunity
for his junior, John B.
Watson,
to take his position as editor of the
Psychological Review.
In 1920
Watson himself was dismissed when his affair with his female colleague
resulted in divorce.
Columbia University "When Seth Low became
Columbia's president in 1890, he vigorously promoted the
university ideal for the College" -
"For nearly forty years after Columbia University's re-founding as a
research university in the 1890s, Franklin Giddings was Professor of
Sociology"
(source)
University of Chicago founded:
external link to brief history.
See John Dewey -
1874 -
Hull House 1889 -
Department of Sociology 1892
- Dewey and Mead
1894 - American Journal of
Sociology 1895 -
1891
1892
July 1892 The American Psychological Association (APA) founded.
(external link to
archives)
11.10.1892: For the four hundredth anniversary of
Christopher Columbus crossing the Atlantic, children throughout
the United States took part in a ceremony which included reciting together
"I pledge allegiance to my Flag, and to the Republic for which it stands:
one Nation indivisible, With Liberty and Justice for all". After the
celebrations it became a popular national custom in schools.
In 1942 it became official.
1892 Adolph Meyer emigrated from Switzerland to the United States.
See
Guide to Adolph Meyer Collection.
He had posts at Kankakee State Hospital, Illinois
(1893) - Worcester State
Hospital, Massachusettes
(1895) - the Pathological Institute at Ward's island in New
York City (latter Manhatten State Hospital)
(1.5.1902) - Professor of psychopathology
at the Cornell University Medical College
(1904). He met Clifford Beers in
1907 -
See
September
1909 -
1910
- The American Sociological Society
was founded in 1905
| Presidency of Grover Cleveland (Democrat) 1893 to 1897 |
1893
1893 Adolph Meyer appointed Honorary Fellow and Docent in Neurology at the University of Chicago and Pathologist at the Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kankakee, Illinois
1.5.1893 to 31.10.1893 "World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago" or "Chicago World's Fair".
Franz Boas constructed life group displays (now commonly called "dioramas") to bring the cultures of Native Americans to the general pubic at the Chicago World's Fair. He also "as part of his argument that racial distinctions among humans are not valid"... "exhibited skulls of various peoples to demonstrate the irrelevance of brain size". (external source)
| 1894 | New Woman |
James Mark Baldwin (Princeton University) [external link] and James McKeen Cattell (Columbia University) founded The Psychological Review which became the leading publication in American psychology.
1894/1895 Economist Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) began to teach sociology at Ann Arbour University, Michigan. See 1909
John Merle Coulter (1851-1928) appointed to lead the newly established Department of Botany at Chicago University .
last week of June 1894 "An event then occurred which ... was the direct cause of my mental collapse six years later... An older brother [Samuel Beers], was stricken with what was thought to be epilepsy. Few diseases can so disorganize a household and distress its members..." (Clifford Beers - A Mind that Found Itself)
1895
1895
Adolph Meyer appointed Pathologist, at Worcester State Hospital
for the Insane, Worcester, Massachusetts and Docent in Psychiatry at Clark
University.
The Female Offender by
Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo
Ferrero, with an introduction by W. Douglas Morrison, Her Majesty's Prison,
Wandsworth. Illustrated. New York. D. Appleton and Company. 1895
| July 1895: First edition of the American Journal of Sociology published by the University of Chicago Press. It has continued bimonthly since. Journal web site. At this time, Chicago and Bordeaux were two of the main centres generating "sociology". See Andrea Nagy. |
|
Ecology: "When Henry Cowles arrived at the University of Chicago for graduate studies in 1895, Eugenius Warming's Plantesamfund had just been published. [Cowles' tutor] John Coulter introduced the Danish scientist's theories to his students in classroom lectures, and Henry Cowles was so fascinated that he learned Danish so he could read Warming's entire text in its original language" (external source)
1896
Beginning of Springfield,
Maryland, on the cottage plan. See
external link and another
Maryland weblink -
Maryland weblink (or try
one of these) - . In England, the
London County Council's Asylums Committee had appointed a
working party to
study asylum design in Scotland, continental Europe, Canada and the USA.
The group reported in 1902, favouring the design of the Maryland State
Asylum "where autonomous 200 bed ward blocks were positioned to look
inwards on to large rectangular gardens. The units were connected by
walkways, covered only overhead".
[See colony or villa system]
John Dewey: Evolution and Ethics. In 1896, John Dewey and
his wife, Alice Chipman Dewey, founded the
Chicago Laboratory School
(external link)
External link: Photograph of
"The Chicago Philosophy Club 1896", shows,
amongst others,
George Herbert Mead and
John Dewey
Louis Viereck (1851-1921) and his family emigrated to the United States in
1896 The son of Berlin actress, Edwina Viereck, and possibly the
illegitimate son of Wilhelm 1 of Prussia, he became a friend of Karl Marx.
His wedding, in 1881, was attended by Frederick Engels. His son (George)
Sylvester Viereck was born in Munich on 31.12.1884.
"In 1896,
Boas moved to New York and was appointed Assistant Curator of
Ethnology and Somatology at the American Museum of Natural
History, and
Lecturer at
Columbia University. Three years later, Boas became the first
Professor of Anthropology at Columbia."
(source) - "Boas began to teach classes at
Columbia University in 1896, where three years later he was appointed
Professor of Anthropology. For the next 37 years, Boas ruled the
anthropological roost at
Columbia..."
Columbia)
| Presidency of William McKinley (Republican) 1897 to 1901 |
1897
11.5.1897 George Peter Murdock born
Meriden, Connecticut. Died 29.3.1985 (aged 87)
Devon, Pennsylvania. -
Wikipedia - See
1928 -
1941 -
1949
28.8.1897
Louis Wirth born in Germany. (Died 10.5.1952) -
external link - See 1925 -
1898
In a lecture on "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results",
William
James talked about a new philosophy of
pragmatism which he said had
been developed by
Charles Sanders
Peirce
Robert Park studied Psychology and Philosophy for an MA at
Harvard 1898-1899. William
James was one of his tutors.
autobiographical note
Henry Chandler Cowles' (1869-1939) PhD Thesis: The Ecological
Relations
of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan
(Chicago
University) - See
ecological succession -
(external source) -
(external source). The idea of a natural
climax to the succesion of vegetation was developed by
Frederic Clements
1899
William Edward Du Bois The Philadelphia Negro Philadelphia
University Press
Wikipedia
In 1899
Robert Park travelled to Germany where he studied at the
University of
Berlin with
Georg Simmel. He spent a semester studying at the University of
Strasbourg,
followed by a few years spent at the University of Heidelberg studying
philosophy and psychology. He took his Ph.D at Heidelberg and returned to
the United States in 1903 -
autobiographical note
1900
7.3.1900
Herbert Blumer born. See
Payne Fund Studies -
1936 -
1937 - 1969 -
about
1996 -
23.6.1900 Clifford
Beers attempted suicide, convinced that he suffered epilepsy
(See
Samuel ) - A Mind that Found Itself). He was admitted
to
Grace Hospital , where bars were put on his windows, for his
protection.
4.7.1900 Death of
Samuel Beers. "The
doctors finally decided that a tumor at the base of the brain had caused
his malady and his death".
(Clifford Beers -
A Mind that Found Itself
11.8.1900 Clifford
Beers admitted to Stamford Hall, Stamford, Connecticut. -
A Mind that Found Itself)
| Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) 1901 to 1909 |
1901
The Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity; A Study of the Origin, Development, and Classification of Plant Societies by Henry Chandler Cowles - [See ecology]
11.6.1901 Clifford Beers admitted to the Hartford Retreat - A Mind that Found Itself)
25.10.1901 Oliver Cromwell Cox born Port of Spain, Trinidad. See Wikipedia - 1948. He died 4.9.1974
1902
13.12.1902
Talcott Parsons born in Colorado Springs, Mid-West USA. See
1920 -
1928 -
1930 -
1931 -
1937 -
1942 -
1951 -
1970 -
1973 -
1979
American Anthropological Association founded (External link to
brief history on its website)
1902 Harold (Dwight) Lasswell born. See
1936 - 1948 -
Died 1978
1.5.1902
Adolph Meyer began duties as Director of the Pathological
Institute of the New York State Hospitals. On
15.9.1902 he married Mary Potter Brooks, of Newburgh, New York.
8.11.1902 Clifford
Beers admitted to the
Connecticut Hospital for the Insane -
A Mind that Found Itself)
1903
Robert Park
returns to Harvard -
autobiographical note
1903 to
1937 William Alanson White (fourth) superintendent
St Elizabeth's
Hospital, Washington, DC. See
1907
10.9.1903 Clifford
Beers freed from hospital -
A Mind that Found Itself)
1904
Eugenics Record Office established by biologist Charles Davenport at
Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island (New York).
1904
Adolph Meyer Appointed Professor of Psychiatry, Cornell Medical
College
Professor
W.I. Thomas
(University of Chicago) made written criticism of
Patrick Geddes' theoretical approach to the sociology of the
city.
End of 1904 Clifford
Beers "From a matter-of-fact man of business I
was transformed into a man whose all-absorbing thought was the
amelioration of suffering among the afflicted insane."
A Mind that Found Itself)
1905
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was founded by
Andrew Carnegie in 1905 and chartered in 1906 by an act of the United
States Congress. See 1911.
Frederic Edward Clements Research Methods in Ecology,
which became a standard textbook for ecologists. Clements was Professor of
botany at the University of Nebraska from 1905 to
1907. Arthur Tansley's textbook was
published in 1923
1906
1.7.1906 Letter from
William James to
Clifford Beers encouraging him to publish his
autobiography -
(A Mind that Found Itself)
Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking: Popular Lectures
on Philosophy by William James was published in London and New York in
June 1907, but consisted of lectures delivered in November and
December 1906, and again in January 1907. Contents, The present dilemma in
philosophy - What pragmatism means - Some metaphysical problems
pragmatically considered - The one and the many - Pragmatism and common
sense - Pragmatism's conception of truth - Pragmatism and humanism. The
lectures were reprinted twice in July and again in October 1907
1907
Indiana passed the first USA
sterilisation law
Oregon State Institution for the Feeble-Minded founded
for feeble-minded, idiotic, and epileptic people. (Became Fairview
Hospital and Training Centre in 1933 and Fairview Training
Centre in 1979. The State Board of Eugenics was created
in 1917. This examined "institutionalised individuals who could produce
offspring inheriting inferior or antisocial traits" and made orders
directing the superintendent of the institution to perform sterilisation.
It became the State Board of Social Protection in 1967 (with
restrictions on its powers) and was transferred to the Health Division in
1971. It was not abolished until 1983.
Frederic Edward Clements was chair of the Department of Botany
at the University of Minnesota from 1907 to
1917
1907 A psychology laboratory under Shepherd Ivory Franz, Ph.D., and
the first psychotherapy department in a mental hospital under William
Kempf, M.D. established at St
Elizabeth's Hospital, Washington, DC.
Late September 1907 First meeting of Clifford Beers with Adolph Meyer and
Mary Meyer. Apolph helped Clifford make a
thorough revision of A Mind that Found Itself, one more acceptable
to medical (psychiatric) opinion.
(Dain 1980 , pages
79-83)
1908
March 1908
Clifford Beers
published the first edition of his
autobiography
A Mind that Found Itself. See Survivors
timeline. -
Link to first edition on APA PsycNet
6.5.1908
Clifford Beers founded the Connecticut Society for
Mental Hygiene, which
Time magazine in
1923 described as
"the first organization of its kind" and said "similar bodies have since
been initiated in more than 20 states". See 1909
Sunday 31.5.1908 New York Times report on applicants for admission
to the "Acute Hospital for the treatment of persons who fear they may
become Insane" due to open in July/August in the grounds of the Hudson
River State Hospital for the Insane. "
Observation hospitals similar to this
one have been tried with beneficial results in Germany. There is one in
this country at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and one of the general hospitals at
Albany has established a ward for the same purpose. Institutions similar to
the one at Poughkeepeie will be opened soon at Binghamton, Middle-town, and
Utica"
"From the standpoint of its applicability to new countries like
America, Professor Geddes' programme is inadequate because of its failure
to recognise that a city under these conditions is formed by a rapid and
contemporaneous movement of population, and not by the lapse of time. p.
136 The first permanent white settler came to Chicago precisely one hundred
years ago, and the city has a population at present of about two and a
quarter millions. It is here not a question of slow historic development
but of the rapid drifting towards a certain point, of a population from all
quarters of the globe, and the
ethnological standpoint therefore becomes of
more importance than the historical."
"Together with the
Institut International de Sociologie, and
the
Sociological Society of London, the American Sociological
Society bears witness that a few men and women, in full possession of their
senses, are convinced that something is lacking in methods of interpreting
human experience, and that the most effective means of supplying the lack
must be sought without rather than within the older sciences of
society."
|
Henry Ford's Model T automobile. External link - See assembly line --- Click on the picture to see where I stole it from. Do not miss the video |
| Presidency of William H. Taft (Republican) 1909 to 1913 |
1909
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People founded by W. E. B. DuBois
California passed sterilisation law. (External link to Jonathan Gottshall's 1995 article The Cutting Edge: Sterilization and Eugenics in California, 1909- 1945)
1909 Henry Cotton appointed Director of the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton
John Dewey How We Think - External link to History of Education
Charles Horton Cooley. Social Organization: A study of the larger mind - "A social self... might be called the reflected or looking-glass self ... in imagination we perceive in another's mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are variously affected by it." (Chapter five) - See Emerson (1847) Astraea
11.2.1909 Clifford Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene - became the National Association of Mental Health in 1950 and the National Mental Health Association in 1979
September 1909 Sigmund
Freud and Carl Jung lectured on
psychoanalysis
at Clark [College] University, Worcester, Massachusetts. The lectures were
given in
German, but, the following year, they were printed in English as
The Origin and Development of
Psychoanalysis.
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) also invited
Adolph Meyer - Who met Freud and
Jung there.
1910
USA Congress Chapter Chapter 395 - "An Act to further regulate interstate
commerce and foreign commerce by prohibiting the transportation therein for
immoral purposes of women and girls, and for other purposes". Otherwise
known as "The White Slave Traffic Act" or the "Mann Act".
External link to full text -
Wikipedia - See, below,
1918
First edition of Abnormal Psychology by Isador H. Coriat published
New York: Moffat, Yard, 1910. Published in London by William Rider in 1911.
329 pages. [Dictionary
abnormal]
1910
Adolph Meyer appointed professor of psychiatry at
Johns Hopkins University and director of its Henry Phipps
Psychiatric Clinic.
5.7.1910 Birth of
Robert King Merton - See
Harvard Sociology 1931 -
1937 -
1939 -
Columbia 1941 -
1942 -
1949 -
1957 -
2003
1911
Heredity and eugenics : a course of lectures summarizing recent advances
in knowledge in variation, heredity, and evolution and its relation to
plant, animal and human improvement and welfare by William Ernest
Castle,
John Merle Coulter, Charles Benedict Davenport, Edward Murray
East, William Lawrence Tower Given at the
University of
Chicago
during the summer of 1911. Published 1912 by The University of Chicago
Press,
Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare
Lombroso
Briefly summarised by his daughter, Gina Lombroso Ferrero, with an
introduction by
Cesare Lombroso. New York and London
Franz Boas The Mind of Primitive Man a course of lectures
delivered before the Lowell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and the
National University of Mexico, 1910-1911.
1911 Carnegie Corporation of New York established by Andrew Carnegie
"to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding,"
-
Wikipedia. This is the grant making
organisation often called the Carnegie Foundation. See
1905
| 1912 |
|
"The feebleminded are a parasitic, predatory class never capable of self-support or managing their own affairs. The great majority ultimately become public charges in some form. They cause unutterable sorrow at home and are a menace to the community. Feebleminded women are invariably immoral... Every feebleminded person, especially the high-grade imbecile, is a potential criminal needing only the proper environment and opportunity for development and expression of his criminal tendencies." [Quotation taken from Segal 1967: p.43 - Hopefully correctly matched with original source]
1912 or 1913: The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness by Henry Herbert Goddard, Director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School at Vineland, New Jersey, for Feeble-minded Girls and Boys. (External link to copy on Christopher Green's site)
| Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) 1913 to 1921 |
1913
John B. Watson of Johns Hopkins University published Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it calling for mentalistic concepts of consciousness to be excluded from psychology in favour of external observations of an organism's responses to controlled stimuli.
"Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and content of behavior. I feel that behaviorism is the only consistent and logical functionalism." (Watson, J.B. 1913)
Guide to the Study of Animal Ecology by Charles Christopher Adams published New York: Macmillan. 183 pages and plates. [See Burgess 1925]
July 1913 to September 1913 International Phytogeographic Excursion in America led by Henry C. Cowles. Arthur George Tansley was a member of the expedition. [ External source]
1914
The Woman Rebel a periodical edited in New York by Margaret Sanger,
had a heading The Birth Control League, which may have been the
earliest use of this term for contraception. [See External link to an article by
Miriam Reed which explains why Margaret Sanger was opposed to compulsory
sterilisation]
February 1914 Opening of the Saskatchewan Hospital, North
Battleford, (Canada). Saskatchewan's first mental hospital. The second was
opened in
1921.
(external link)
Robert Park was at the
University of Chicago from 1914 to his retirement in
1933. He was lecturer in sociology until
1923 and then a professor.
1916
Arthur Estabrook
The Jukes
in 1915, Washington, Carnegie Institute
John Dewey
Democracy and Education
-
External link to review at History of Education
Frederic Edward Clements Plant Succession
- See
McKenzie 1925
28.8.1916 Charles Wright Mills born Waco, Texas - See
1946 -
1959
1917
United States ended its neutrality and entered the
First World War
on the side of France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Russia etc. The USA had
been providing supplies for the anti-German/Austrian forces which caused
Germany to attack USA ships with U-Boats, eventually provoking the USA
entry in the war.
Frederic Edward Clements was a researcher at the Carnegie
Institution of Washington, Tucson from 1917 to
1925
| "Jazz is based on the savage musician's wonderful gift for progressive retarding and acceleration guided by his sense of 'swing'" Sun (New York) |
|
1918
1918: Anna Harkness founded The Commonwealth Fund
(external link) - See
1926
-
1931
4.7.1918 Letter from
Henry Cotton
to Adolph Meyer -
(reproduced
Honigfeld 2009 pages
12-13).
October 1918 Height of the flue epidemic in USA. Abated November.
Worldwide the influenza epidemic killed up to 40 million people.
Encephalitis lethargica followed it.
October 1918 Letter from
Henry Cotton
to Adolph Meyer -
(reproduced
Honigfeld 2009 pages
14-16).
The arrest of
William Thomas under the
1910 Act
prohibiting taking women across state borders for immoral purposes had an
adverse effect on his academic standing, even though he was acquitted. (See
Wikipedia)
1919
18th amendment to the United States constitution prohibited intoxicating
liquors (Repealed by the 21st amendment in 1933)
The Little Town, especially in its rural relationships by
H. Paul Douglass (1871-1953) The Macmillan Company, New York.
(External link to copy) - See
McKenzie 1925
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American Poetry; An
Introduction New York, Harcourt, Bruce and Howe, 1919.
xviii introductory and 170 main pages. -
Copy at Bartleby
4.2.1919
Clifford Beers founded the International Committee for Mental
Hygiene (ICMH) who planned an international network of national mental
health associations devoted to "the protection of the insane". It was
reorganised in 1930 with the
First International Congress of Mental Hygiene.
1920
26.8.1920 Women gain a vote under the 19th amendment to the United
States constitution
Talcott Parsons went to Amherst College, Massachusetts with
an interest in biology and medicine. However, he became interested in
economics and, like Max Weber, sought to study this in its full social
context. From 1924, he
studied in Europe. In 1926 he returned
to Amherst College to teach economics
John B. Watson and Rosalie
Rayner of Johns Hopkins
University published
Conditioned Emotional
Reactions in which they reported their pioneer behaviour
modification experiments making baby Albert B terrified of a tame rat,
other animals, and cuddly toys by banging a steel bar behind him.
Mary Ickes Watson discovered her husband was sexually involved with Rosalie
(who he later married) and divorced him. The divorce ended Watson's
academic career and he subsequently wrote his psychology in a more popular
style. "The immense popularity of behaviourism among the general public
in America in the 1920s and 1930s may in part be attributable to the appeal
of Watson's popular writings"
(Broadhurst, P.L. 1967)
- Curt Richter succeded Watson and the Psychology Laboratory was renamed
the Psychobiology laboratory. He had married Joyce Greenacre in the spring
of 1920
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern British Poetry New York,
Harcourt, Bruce and Howe, 1919. xxv introductory and 234 main pages.
Contains biographical sketches of authors. "This collection is obviously a
companion volume to
Modern American Poetry ... Modern British poetry covers the
same period (from about 1870 to 1920), follows the same chronological
scheme, but it is more amplified and goes into far greater detail than its
predecessor." (Introduction, quoted Library of Congress catalogue) -
Copy at Bartleby - A combined volume was
brought out in 1922 - The
title of the second to fifth editions was "Modern British Poetry: A
Critical Anthology, edited by Louis Untermeyer". From 1950 the words "A
Critical Anthology" were dropped. The second revised edition
was in
1925, the third in
1930, the fourth in
1936, the fifth in
1942.
| Presidency of Warren G. Harding (Republican) 1921 to 1923 |
1921
Introduction to the Science of Sociology, by Robert Ezra Park and Ernest W. Burgess - Howard Odum says that "Park and Burgess" became the "best known pair of American sociologists in the textbook world". It became the "Bible of Sociology" for Chicago graduates - See dictionary ecology
Warder Clyde Allee became assistant professor of zoology at the University of Chicago in 1921. From 1925 to 1927 he was dean in the colleges and from 1928 to 1950: professor of zoology. Keith Benson (2002) links his name to that of Robert Park (above), arguing that, under Allee
"the Chicago school of ecology... began to emphasize studies of community structure ... adopting a sociological spin... sociologist, Thomas [Robert] Park, brought to ecology his own bias for studying the role of community structure. The influence of Park was noticeable and immediate, especially in Allee's early animal aggregation work, published in 1927 and 1931 (Allee, 1927, Allee, 1931). Missing was the traditional emphasis on physical factors, now replaced by the interactions of the organisms making up the community. Then Thorsten Gislen published his influential work in what he called "marine sociology", noting the plant-animal communities characteristic of marine community structure (Gislen, 1930, 1931). Gislen first characterized the nature of the physical environment he was investigating, then provided the ‘‘associations’’ that inhabited that specific environment."
This picture is without a dust cover. Another bookseller describes a copy as "pale gray paper covered boards, dull green cloth backstrap, with decorative green and blind-stamping design to front cover, in a dull gray paper dustwrapper printed in green". The price asked for that copy was $425 (£218..23) |
June 1921?
Charlotte Mew's Saturday Market published by Macmillan
in the United States. Click on the cover to go to a bookseller's
web page that says:
"First edition. Sara Teasdale's copy with her signature, dated June
1921, on the front flyleaf. She signs using her married name, Sara
Teasdale Filsinger. Teasdale married Ernst B. Filsinger in 1914, and moved
with him to New York in 1916. They divorced in 1929. Tragically, both
Teasdale and English poet, Charlotte Mew, committed suicide. Mew, a
Bloomsbury native with a family history of mental illness, went into a
severe depression following the death of her sister. She took her life in
1928 by drinking disinfectant. After suffering from a severe case of
pneumonia which left her an invalid, Teasdale overdosed on barbiturates in
1933"
Restricted to just 250 sets of imported sheets of the UK (Poetry Bookshop) edition - Consequently now expensive
|
|
Introductory blurb:
Saturday Market by Charlotte Mew
In Saturday Market there's eggs a plenty
But there is more than this in Saturday Market; there is tragedy, just as in the great market of the world. The poems of this young Englishwoman are Saturday market poems: there are farmers, there are forest roads, quiet country houses and country children, and through the beauty and dancing rhyme of their simple stories runs one and another tragedy which cuts through with a hint of drama. |
23.7.1921 Louis Untermeyer's review of Saturday Market in The New York Evening Post. The article was expanded to become an introductory essay to Charlotte Mew's poems in the 1925 edition of Modern British Poetry [Falkenberg 2005 p.36]
December 1921 Opening of the Saskatchewan Hospital, North Battleford, (Weyburn). Saskatchewan's second mental hospital. The first was opened in 1914.
1922
John Dewey: Human Nature and Conduct. See also (external
link)
1922: Walter Lippmann and John Dewey debate the role of citizens in
democracy
Two anthologies with poems by Charlotte Mew
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern
American and
British Poetry Published
New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company [copyright 1922]
xxv introductory, 371 pages. - See
Charlotte
Mew - See
1923. There was a revised and enlarged
edition in 1928 (496 pages) In 1944 a "Modern American and British poetry
... by Louis Untermeyer" was brought out as two volumes (American and
British) for the American Armed Forces. It was a "combined edition of the
sixth revision of Modern American poetry and fifth revision of Modern
British poetry"
The Bookman Anthology of Verse 1922, edited by John Chipman Farrar
(1896-
), New York, George H. Doran company. The preface is dated
September 1922. The Library of Congress Catalogue says there is a
series, copyright 1922 onwards, finishing 1927. "1922-1927 Bound volumes:
Inventory in progress"
| Presidency of Calvin Coolidge (Republican) 1923 to 1929 |
1923
(George) Sylvester Viereck interviewed Sigmund Freud. He also interviewed Adolph Hitler "a widely read. thoughtful and self-made man" who, "if he lived, would make history"
The neighborhood : a study of local life in the city of Columbus, Ohio by Roderick Duncan McKenzie published by the University of Chicago Press. [Published also as his Ph.D. thesis by the University of Chicago in 1921 "Reprinted from the American Journal of Sociology, volume 27, September, 1921; November, 1921; January, 1922; March, 1922; and May, 1922."
Lynn Thorndike, (1882-1965) A History of Magic and Experimental Science Volumes 1 and 2, The first thirteen centuries of our era [See Park, R.E. 1925/7
1923: Advertisers find a
media to work in: In Advertising and Selling, by 150
advertising and sales executives edited by Noble T. Praigg (Garden
City, New York: Doubleday, Page and company for the Associated Advertising
Clubs of the World. 483 pages) S. M. Fechheimer provided an article "Class
appeal in mass-media" and wrote about "The several million readers of a big
mass medium". G. Snow in the same book (page 240) said "Mass media
represents the most economical way of getting the story over the new and
wider market in the least time."
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American and British
Poetry. With suggestions for study by Olive Ely Hart Published New
York, Harcourt, Brace and Company [copyright 1923]
xxv introductory pages, 403 main pages, Bibliography: p.399.
Monday 19.11.1923 Time magazine
article about
Clifford Beers
Institution Statistics According to Official Figures On January 1, 1923, patients in public institutions of the United States numbered: insane hospitals, 290,457; psychopathic wards of general hospitals, 1,842; institutions for feeble minded, 46,722; institutions for epileptics, 9,153. In addition there were confined in federal penitentiaries, 2,010; in state prisons, reformatories, etc., 19,518; in county and city jails, workhouses, etc., 147,489; in institutions for juvenile delinquents, 29,385. Rather disconcerting figures have been assembled by H. M. Pollock, statistician to the New York State Hospital Commission. From 1880 to 1920 the number of insane patients of institutions in the whole country has increased from 40,942 to 232,680 and the ratio of patients in institutions to 100,000 of populations from 81.6 to 220.1. This, of course, does not mean a proportionate increase in insanity as a much larger percentage of insane patients now is confined in institutions... One important principle is that the rate of mental disease is greater among inferior stocks than among superior stocks. This is difficult to demonstrate by census statistics which take no account of the quality of family stock. The general birth rate in late years has markedly declined and it is generally believed that the decline has been greatest among superior stocks. If this trend continues, the people of the future will become more and more susceptible to mental disease... The rates of dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis are both increasing, and if nothing is discovered to curb these diseases, while new discoveries continue to be made in the realm of bodily disease, then mental disease will supersede physical disease as the paramount social problem in the not distant future. |
1925
An Act prohibiting the teaching of the
Evolution Theory
in all the Universities, Normals and all other public schools of
Tennessee, which are supported in whole or in part by the public school
funds of the State, and to provide penalties for the violations
thereof.
(external link)
The City by
Robert E. Park,
Ernest W. Burgess,
Roderick D. McKenzie and
Louis Wirth. published by University of
Chicago Press.
Frederic Edward Clements was a researcher at the Coastal
Laboratory, Santa Barbara, California from 1925
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American Poetry; A Critical
Anthology Third Revised Edition. New York, Harcourt, Bruce and Howe,
1925. xxix introductory and 621 main pages. "A selected bibliography": p.
603.
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern British Poetry; A Critical
Anthology Revised and Enlarged Edition. New York, Harcourt, Bruce and
Howe, 1925. xx introductory and 388 main pages. "A companion volume to
Modern American Poetry" (Preface).
1926
Encyclopedia Britannica article on "mass production" over the name
of
Henry Ford (although he did not write it). The term began to
supersede "Fordism" as the popular term for the process using
assembly lines.
(external
link). The term Fordism regained currency through the writings
of the
Italian marxist
Gramsci
18.1.1926 Letter from Adolph Meyer to Joseph E. Raycroft reporting a
meeting of himself, Henry
Cotton and Phyllis Greenacre at which Phyllis Greenacre's report
on Henry Cotton's work was discussed
- (reproduced
Honigfeld 2009 pages
149-151).
1927
January 1927: Paul Robeson's singing tour of Kansas and Ohio
Eugenic legislation upheld as constitutional by USA Supreme Court in 1927.
It was about 1927 that
Burrhus
Skinner (1904-1990) read
Pavlov
and
Watson. (external
link). He went to Harvard to study psychology in autumn
1928 and, whilst there, invented
Skinner's Box.
John Dewey
The Public and its Problems
1928
Contemporary Sociological
Theories
by Pitirim
Sorokin published.
George Peter
Murdock was a member of
Yale University from 1928 to 1960.
His Ph.D. from Yale was in the field of Sociology, as Yale at that time did
not yet have a Department of Anthropology. He was chair of the Department
of Anthropology from 1938 to 1960.
18.4.1928 Howard Becker: "I was born in Chicago, Illinois on April
18, 1928. (I will just mention that this is the date of the Great
Earthquake and Fire in San Francisco in 1906. Make what you will of that.)"
(Howie's page). See 1966
"Whose Side are We
On?" - 1996?
Howie's Home Page
- publications
"'Capitalism' in Recent German Literature: Sombert and Weber" by
Talcott Parsons published in The Journal of Political
Economy in December
1928 and January 1929
| Presidency of Herbert Hoover (Republican) 1929 to 1933 |
1929
1929 to 1932 13 studies financially supported by The Payne Fund to examine movies and their effects on children. See 1933.
President Hoover instituted a Research Commission on Urban Problems. One of the participants was Roderick McKenzie - (source: Italian Wikipedia
|
20.4.1929
LONDON CHILD GUIDANCE CLINIC
Letter from Barry C. Smith (New York) Director of the Commonwealth Fund published in the Journal of the American Medical Association "In THE JOURNAL, February 16, in the London letter, is a statement with the subheading "Psychoanalysis for Children" which refers to a child guidance clinic about to be established in London which the Commonwealth Fund is supporting. This statement is a duplicate of an article which appeared in an English newspaper and is entirely erroneous in its statement that children are to be psychoanalyzed in this clinic. The child guidance clinic in London will be conducted along precisely the same lines as similar activities financed by the Commonwealth Fund in this country. Psychoanalysis will have no part in it. . . .
|
October 1929 Wall Street Crash. Bank and stockmarket crashes precede the Great Depression in the USA and economic recession world wide.
1930
First volume Carl Murchison (editor)'s A History of Psychology in
Autobiography New York: Russell and Russell, 1930
Parsons' translation of The
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
5.5.1930 to 10.5.1930: First
International Congress on
Mental
Hygiene, Washington, D.C.. [See Lord. J.R.
American Psychiatry] - The second congress was held in
Paris in 1937
External link
Dewey criticises the practices of progressive educators
Torsten Gislen, 1930. Epibiosis of the Gullman fjord. 1. A Study in
Marine Sociology
|
"A trout rising to a fly gets hooked on a line and finds
himself unable to swim about freely, he begins a fight
which results in struggles and splashes and sometimes an
escape. Often, of course, the situation is too tough for
him."
"In the same way the human being struggles with his environment and with the hooks that catch him. Sometimes he masters his difficulties; sometimes they are too much for him. His struggles are all that the world sees and it usually misunderstands them. It is hard for a free fish to understand what is happening to a hooked one." [Opening lines of?] The Human Mind by Karl A. Menninger, M.D. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1930 - See the Fish pamphlet 1973 |
1931
James Truslow Adams in The Epic of America coined the term
"the American Dream" for
Death of George Herbert Mead -
John Dewey's obituary. This is most of what Dewey said at
Mead's funeral in Chicago on 30.4.1931
Sociology department established at
Harvard University under
Pitirim
Sorokin.
Talcott Parsons became an instructor at Harvard.
Robert Merton
was a postgraduate student and teaching assistant
from 1933 to 1936 and then a tutor and instructor from 1936 to 1939.
$61,000 spent on the "English Mental Hygiene Program" by the
Commonwealth Fund
for
1931-1932. This rose to a peak of $86,6000 in
1933-1934, remained between $52,000 and $68.000 for the rest of
the 1930s, but declined rapidly during the Second World War.
(Stewart, J. 9.2009, p.413
""that dream of a land in which life should be better and
richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to
ability or achievement"
|
Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 to 1945 |
1932
3.2.1932
Stuart Hall born, Kingston, Jamaica. He moved
to England in 1951.
1933
Motion Pictures and Youth. The
Payne Fund Studies included
Movies and Conduct by
Herbert Blumer and
Movies, Delinquency, and Crime
by Blumer and Philip Hauser.
The Metropolitan Community by
Roderick McKenzie published
9.5.1933 New York Times "Dr
H.A. Cotton, Psychiatrist, Dead -
Internationally Known for Pioneer Methods in the Treatment of Insane -
FOUND A PHYSICAL BASIS - Traced Many Mental Disorders to Teeth While Head
of New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton" (article reproduced
Honigfeld 2009 page
171).
1933 Birth of Loren Richard Mosher (died 10.7.2004). See
Wikipedia -
England 1996 -
England
1999
1934
Antionio Gramsci's notes on
America and Fordism - But Americans could not read them until
long after the second world war
May 1934: (George) Sylvester Viereck's speech to 20,000 "Friends of
the New Germany", at Madison Square Gardens", urging them to support
National Socialism "without embracing anti-Semitism"
1935
American Sociological Society established its own journal: The American
Sociological Review
External link:
Dewey advocates cooperative intelligence and a socialized economy in
Liberalism and Social Action
1935 Newton Baker questioned the
Carnegie Corporation's policy of its funds for related to racial
education to supporting "Negro" schools in the South and not on eduction in
Northern cities. He suggested a research project. See
1938 and
Shari Cohen
2004.
1936
William LLoyd Warner
"American
Class
and Caste"
American Journal of Sociology 42 -
Wikipedia - Argued that immigrants were
absorbed into citizenship through the melting pot of assimilation into USA
society. This did not happen with the former slave populations of black
African-Americans because of the persistence of attitudes from the slave
period. Black African-Americans are in a caste situation rather than a
class situation.
1936
Harold Lasswell Politics; who gets what, when, how?
Franz Neumann, legal adviser to the German SDP, was arrested in
April 1933,
escaped in May and then worked at the London School of Economics.
In 1936 he came to the United States and joined the Institute of
Social
Research, then affiliated with Colombia University. Herbert Marcuse
published
Reason and Revolution - Hegel and the Rise of
Social Theory in
1941. Neumann published
Behemoth in
1942. After the
war,
Neumann joined the faculty of
Columbia University (Department of
Government). He died in a car accident in Switzerland on 2.9.1954
Birth of role theory? Ralph Linton's The Study of Man
includes chapter eight "Status and Role" which
Erving Goffman traces
role theory
back to.
Herbert Blumer's
"Social attitudes and non-symbolic
interaction." in the Journal of Educational Psychology
Robert E. Park's "Human ecology" published in the
American Journal of Sociology.
See dictionary
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern British Poetry; A Critical
Anthology Fourth Revised Edition. New York, Harcourt, Bruce and
Howe, 1925. xxii introductory and 549 main pages. "A companion volume to
... Modern American Poetry" (Preface).
11.5.1936 Peter Roger Breggin born. See
Electroshock 1979
- Psychiatric Drugs
1983 -
Asylum Summer 1987
-
tapes at Edale
1987 -
Asylum April 1989 -
Asylum July
1989 -
Toxic Psychiatry 1991 -
Asylum Winter
1991/1992 -
Asylum Spring 1992 -
London 10.4.1992
-
Visit to England March
1993 -
Asylum 1994 1 -
website -
wikipedia
1937
Talcott Parsons The Structure of Social
Action. Unlike Sorokin's
Contemporary Sociological Theories, this was
entirely about European theorists.
February 1937 First issue of the journal Sociometry - Became
Social Psychology Quarterly in 1977
Herbert Blumer's
"Social Psychology" chapter in Man and Society: A Substantive
Introduction to the Social Science introduced the term
symbolic interactionism.
1937
Robert Merton's
"Social Structure and Anomie",
American Sociological Review 3 pages 672-682. See Margaret Evan's
article
1937 to 1962 Winfred Overholser, M.D. (fifth) superintendent
of St Elizabeth's
Hospital, Washington, DC. In his period, Saint Elizabeths
expanded treatments to include psychodrama, art, and dance therapy. He also
developed a chaplaincy service "that became a model for other psychiatric
hospitals". See
1955.
1938
Euthanasia Society of America founded.
Skinner's first book:
The Behavior of Organisms
Fredrick Keppel, president of the
Carnegie Corporation invited Swedish economist Karl Gunnar
Myrdal (6.12.1898 - 17.5.1987) to
"lead a comprehensive study of the Negro in the United States".
Keppel was seeking research help guide Corporation grantmaking beyond its
established involvement in black education in the South of the USA. - See
An American Dilemma 1944
and
Shari Cohen
2004.
1939
Robert Merton taught at Tulane University in New Orleans from
1939 to 1941.
1939 Smith Klein and French's first major campaign advertising
Benzedrine for "mild depression". Benzedrine is the trademark for their
preparation of phenylisopropylamine or amphetamine.
source
1941
George Peter
Murdock
1941 in
Sociometry 4 p.146 "The nuclear or individual family,
consisting of father, mother, and children, is universal; no exceptions
were found in our 220 societies".
1941 Paul Lazarsfeld and
Robert Merton
appointed to
Columbia University.
(Merton appointed professor 1947). Appointments "made in part to resolve
differences between MacIver and Lynd over the Department's future
direction. Lazarsfeld and Merton were expected to sustain Lynd's and
MacIver's respective emphases on empirical and theoretical styles of
sociology. Instead, they found common ground in research inspired by
"middle-range theory" - testable propositions, derived from
fundamental
theory, addressing observable phenomena. Their collaboration modernized
Giddings' founding vision and pervasively influenced the
discipline all over the world."
(source)
April 1941? [1939?] Peter Viereck's article "But I'm a conservative"
in The Atlantic Monthly argued for a "new conservatism" to counter
the "storm of authoritarianism" in Europe and moral relativism and
materialism in the USA. He claimed communism and nazism were utopian and
would sanction the murder of oppositions (as in anti-semitism) and that
liberalism shared a naive belief in progress and humanity's essential
goodness.
Peter Viereck Metapolitics: from the Romantics to Hitler. This
argued that Nazism grew out of the Romantic German nationalist movements of
the nineteenth century, rather than the authoritarian Prussian tradition.
The search for a way to produce penicillin in quantities that could be used
for medicine moved from Oxford, England, to Peoria, Illinois in the United
States. The search was on for moulds. A local woman, Mary Hunt, brought in
a mouldy cantaloupe from a fruit market. This doubled the yield. By 1943
penicillin was being used succesfully on war wounds.
Sunday 7.12.1941 Pearl Harbour. Japan and the USA enter the war
.
1942
Talcott Parsons
took over from Pitirim Sorokin as head of the Department of
Sociology at Harvard University. He established an
interdisciplinary
Department of Social relations (1946)
Robert Merton
was associate director of Columbia University's Bureau of
Applied Social Research from 1942 to 1971. The director was Paul
Lazarsfeld.
22.6.1942 The
Pledge of Allegiance became official:
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to
the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, With Liberty and
Justice for all". However, in 1943. the United States Supreme Court ruled
that school children could not be forced to recite the Pledge as
part of their daily routine.
1943
Music based christian evangelism to "youth" started in the United States -
where the war was abroad - and
was reflected in Britain when the bombs had stopped. In the
United States, live radio was used as part of mass gatherings.
19.4.1943 David Reville born in Brantford, Ontario. A founder of the
Ontario Mental Patients Association in 1977. See Jim Ward 1980 -
History of Madness 2004
9.7.1943 Death of
Clifford Beers in Providence, Rhode Island
1944
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy by
Gunnar Myrdal, with the assistance of Richard Sterner and Arnold Rose.
Published New York and London, by Harper and Brothers in two volumes, paged
continuously with 1483 pages.
.
Volume one: "The Negro in a White Nation". Volume two: "The Negro Social
Structure" -
Wikipedia - See
1938 -
2004 -
Birth of
Judi
Chamberlin in New York -
marriage 1965 -
hospitalisations 1966 -
Dr Jonas 1967 -
left husband 1971 -
Mental Patients Liberation Project 1971 -
Vancouver Emotional Emergency Centre 1974 -
On Our Own 1978 - See UK and world
index - 2009 -
2010
|
Ernest Watson Burgess and Harvey J. Locke, 1950:
The Family from
Institution to Companionship.
"The modern democratic family has the following characteristics: 1) freedom of choice of a mate on the basis of romance, companionship, compatibility, and common interests; 2) independence from their parents of the young people after marriage; 3) the assumption of equality of husband and wife; 4) decisions reached by discussion between husband and wife in which children participate increasingly with advancing age; and 5) the maximum of freedom for its members consistent with the achieving of family objectives." (pages 21-22) |
April 1945 Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, "Some Principles of Social Stratification", American Sociological Review volume 10 pages 242-249. First page - (External summary). "Social inequality is...an unconsciously evolved device by which societies ensure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons".
|
Presidency of Harry S. Truman 1945 to 1953 |
1946
Fifty Books That Significantly Shaped Public Opinion Research, 1946-1995 (Copyright 2002. American Association for Public Opinion Research) begins with Mass Persuasion: The Social Psychology of a War Bond Drive by Merton, Fiske and Curtis in 1946. - See public opinion
1946 Benjamin Spock's The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care . This edition had 58 printings and was the best selling new title issued in the USA since best-seller lists began in 1895
USA National Mental Health Act passed
1946 C. Wright Mills working at Columbia University
17.1.1946 The first transorbital lobotomy. See (external link) sound portraits which includes interviews with patients. This website was drawn to my attention by John Conneely in New Zealand.
14.2.1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) the
first USA valve computer "unveiled" at the University of Pennsylvania. It
had 18,000 valves, but could not store a program.
November 1946 to February 1947: A series of lectures at the
Institute for Religious and Social Studies in New York leading to the
publication of
The Communication of Ideas: A Series of Addresses in 1948
1948
Movie Snake Pit with Olivia de Havilland premiered. Film had such
impact that 26 states passed new legislation regarding state mental
hospitals. (Kathleen
Benoun)
Skinner's
behaviourist fanastay utopia Walden 2 (See
Thoreau's Walden)
1948
Harold Lasswell
"The structure and function of communication in society"
may contain the phrase "Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with)
What Effect"
Autumn 1948
Talcott Parsons
and others from the Department of Social
Relations at Harvard University discuss funding for a "stocktaking" of
"theoretical resources" with officials of the
Carnegie Corporation of New
York.
1948
Oliver Cromwell Cox Caste, Class and Race: A Study in Social
Dynamics -
December 1948 Presidential Address, "Race Contacts and the Social
Structure" delivered in Chicago by Edward Franklin Frazier, the first
African American President of the
American Sociological Society -
Wikipedia
1949
Newfoundland ceased being a British Colonial Protectorate
structural-functional analysis: 1949
Robert King Merton's
Social Theory and Social Structure.
Towards the codification of theory and research. Sought a
functional analysis in
sociology
...the description of the participants (and on-lookers) is in structural
terms, that is, in terms of locating these people in their inter- connected
social statuses.
September 1949 to January 1950 Groups meeting at Harvard on
the
theoretical stock-take.
George Peter
Murdock: Social Structure New York: Macmillan. 1949
"The family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults."
"The nuclear family is a universal human social grouping. Either as the sole prevailing form of the family or as the basic unit from which more complex forms compounded, it exists as a distinct and strongly functional group in every society." |
November 1949 Howard Madison Parshley (1884-1953) begans translating Simone De Beauvoir's Le deuxième sexe into English. He was also translating a French zoology book on mammals into English.
1950
Senator Joe McCarthy re-elected by a huge majority, "having exploited the
general uneasiness felt after the treason trials of Nunn May, Fuchs and
Alger Hiss by accusing the State Department of harbouring 205 prominent
Communists." (Chambers Biographical Dictionary)
United States revoked Paul Robeson's passport. He was unable to leave the
United States for eight years.
13.9.1950 National Association of Mental Health formed by merging
the
National Committee for Mental Hygiene - the National Mental
Health Foundation - and the Psychiatric Foundation.
1951
American Sociology: the story of sociology in the United States through
1950 by Howard W. Odum (1884-1954) published in New York and London.
structural-functional analysis:
In
The Social System,
Talcott Parsons
wrote "the systematisation of theory in
the present state of knowledge must be in structural-functional
terms". See
Structural
Functionalism
Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) The Origins of
Totalitarianism
This was published in the
United Kingdom with the title The Burden of Our Time
1952
Rupert Stocker and his family emigrated from
Peckham
to become Administrator of the Western Memorial Hospital in Corner Brook,
Newfoundland.
(External link to history. In 1956 he went to
Fredericton, New Brunswick to be the Administrator of the successively
enlarging Victoria Public Hospital until his retirement in 1976. [Victoria
Public Hospital was the only hospital in Fredericton. In the 1970s
it was succeded by the Doctor Everett Chalmers Hospital] -
(see north-east of map)
1952 Howard Geld
(Howie the Harp) born lower east side of New York City. See
Insane Liberation Front 1970 -
Mental
Patients Liberation Project 1971 -
Project Release
1975 -
Center for Independent
Living 1981 -
Alameda County Network of Mental Health Clients
1983 -
Oakland Independent Support Center 1986 -
1992 -
Community
Access 1993 -
He died 5.5.1995. -
YouTube Video
20.3.1952 Billy Graham
spoke in London about the three perils facing America: The peril
from within - The peril from communism and the peril of God's judgement
|
Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 to 1961 |
1953
January 1953: Senator Joe McCarthy became chair of the Permanent
Subcommittee on Investigations where he arraigned a large number of
citizens and officials "often with full television publicity". (Chambers
Biographical Dictionary)
March 1953 Conference held at the American Academy of Arts and
Sciences. Its Proceedings were published by Harvard University Press in
1954 under the title Totalitarianism, edited with an introduction
by Carl J. Friedrich.
1954
Senator Joe McCarthy was formally condemned for financial irregularities by
the Senate (now controlled by Democrats). When he attacked Eisenhower he
lost most of his remaining public support.
Skinner's article The
Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching laid the foundations for
programmed learning.
The 1942
Pledge of Allegiance was amended in 1954 to include the words
"under God;". Legislation to add the motto "In God We Trust" to all coins
and currency was passed in 1955; and the national motto "E Pluribus Unum"
[out of many, one] was changed to "In God We Trust" in 1956.
1955
Talcott Parsons
and Robert Freed Bales
Family, Socialisation and Interaction Process
Erving Goffman (1922-1982) developed his approach to
symbolic
interactionism
in field studies in the Shetland Islands (1949-1951),
leading to The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (1959). From
1955 to 1956, he did one year's field research in
St Elizabeth's
Hospital, Washington, DC,
leading to
Asylums. Essays on the social
situation of mental patients and other inmates (1961).
May 1955 Foundation of the
British Columbia
Association for Retarded Children.
See their timeline
1955 Daedalus founded as the Journal of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences.
1956
Robert Alan Dahl's A Preface to Democratic Theory. A founding
document of recent pluralist theory, a commentary on and development of,
the Federalist
Papers.
Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski
Totalitarian Dictatorship and
Autocracy
1957
Paul Robeson's transatlantic broadcast from New York to coal miners in
Wales
The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci by Carl Marzani, New York :
Cameron Associates - See
Social Science Timeline
structural-functional analysis:
The second edition of
Robert King Merton's
Social Theory and Social Structure..
1959
1959
C. Wright Mills' The Sociological Imagination
- "ordinary men .. do not .. grasp the interplay .. of biography and
history (p.10) ... The sociological imagination enables its possessor to
understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the
inner life and external career of a variety of individuals (p.11)... social
science as the study of biography, of history, and of the problems of their
intersection within social structure." (p.149)
"In Denmark and in
North Carolina, where
eugenical
sterilisation
is legally carried out, a large number of cases so dealt with
are women who have already given birth to several children and might not
have had any more..."
(Penrose 1959, p. 102)
| 25.8.1959 National Medal of Science established by an Act of the USA Congress - 1969 awarded to B.F. Skinner - 1994 awarded to Robert Merton |
|
1959 William Kornhauser: The Politics of Mass Society
1960
1960? (or 1959) Ken Kesey participating in LSD experiments at
Menlo Park Veterans Hospital, and working nights on the wards. This is said
to be the background to his novel
One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962).
Goffman's collection of essays
Asylums was published in 1961, although parts had been
published
in 1957
8.10.1960 First Presidential TV debate in USA: John F.Kennedy versus
Richard Nixon.
During the campaign
Dr Benjamin Spock
appeared on television with Jacqueline Kennedy, who said "Dr Spock is for
my husband, and my husband is for Dr Spock!"
The end of ideology: on the exhaustion of political ideas in the
fifties by
Daniel Bell
First edition of Seymour Martin Lipset's
Political Man. The Social Bases of Politics
|
Presidency of John F. Kennedy 1961 to 1963 |
1961
17.1.1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower introduced the "military-industrial complex" in his farewell speech - Wikipedia. Terms based on this include the Prison- Industrial Complex - Surveillance-Industrial Coplex - Organic-Industrial Complex - Baby-Industrial Complex - Academic-Industrial Complex - Celebrity-Industrial Complex - Agro-Industrial Complex - Lobbying-Industrial Complex.... (bored? if not, use a search-engine!)
Thomas Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness
1962
14.10.1962 Soviet nuclear missiles photographed on Cuba
24.10.1962 USA blockade of Cuba
28.10.1962 missiles removed from Cuba
Ken Kesey, One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest: a novel by Ken Kesey.
New York: Viking Press
Daniel Boorstin' The Image: A Guide to Pseudo Events in America
identifies a shift from reality to illusion: a move away from actual events
to "pseudo-events" which are contrived happenings meant for public
consumption. The public expectation is shaped by a "Graphic Revolution"
defined as "Man's (increasing) ability to make, preserve, transmit and
disseminate precise images." The effect on fame is to create celebrities.
A celebrity is not known for real achievements but is "a person who is
known for his well-knowness". (Based on
Celebrity Culture 2001)
|
Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 to 1969 |
1964 Librarian Clara Cooley published manuscript History of Western State Hospital, 1871-1950 (Kathleen Benoun)
A poll of American sociologists showed that 80% (of about 3,400) thought "functional analysis and theory" still retain great value for contemporary sociology. (Gouldner, A. 1970 p.168). The poll was conducted by Timothy Sprehe and Alvin Gouldner.
Aaron V. Cicourel, 1964 Method and Measurement in Sociology. New York: Free Press. Cicourel, A.V. (1964). Jan Nespor (external link) says that in "Theory and method in field research" in this book "Cicourel argues for qualitative methods through a knowledgable critique of survey and quantatively oriented research approaches". He describes it as "an influential book by a key figure in the ethnomethodology movement".
3.2.1964 Neurotics Anonymous created in Washington, D.C. by Grover Boydston, on the model of Alcoholics Anonymous - (external link)
1965
"I got married at twenty... this was 1965. No women's liberation, or even
the recognition of the need for it"
(Judi Chamberlin)
Howard Geld was a 13 year old patient in a psychiatric hospital.
Often he could not sleep, and a night attendant taught him to play the
harmonica. "When you cry out loud in a mental hospital you get medicated" -
"When I was sad, I could cry through the harmonica." He was given the name
Howie the Harp on the streets of Greenwich Village, New York.
See 1970
1966
USA Medicare Act passed to provide financial support for citizens of
65 and older otherwise unable to meet their medical needs.
Kai T. Erikson
(Yale University) published Wayward Puritans. A Study in
the Sociology of Deviance He used
Emile
Durkheim's
concept that crime can solidify a society to analyse three "crime waves"
in the 17th century puritan theocracy
of
New England. Erikson's "crime waves" might be considered
deviance rather than crime in the normal sense. They are the
Antinomian
theological disputes, the
invasion and persecution of
Quakers and the
outbreak of witch hunting in Salem. Other sociologists have called them
moral
panics.
1966
Unobtrusive Measures, by Eugene Webb and others,
contained this early reference to the
triangulation of research methods
1966: Second edition (first 1958)
A Textbook of
Psychology
by Donald Olding Hebb. Professor of Psychology, McGill University.
1966
Thomas Scheff's Being Mentally Ill
21.11.1966 "The term
'gender identity' was used in a press release, November 21,
1966, to announce the new clinic for transsexuals at The Johns Hopkins
Hospital. It was disseminated in the media worldwide, and soon entered the
vernacular. ... gender identity is your own sense or conviction of maleness
or femaleness." (John Money quoted
Wikipedia)
"Once a proposition has been confirmed by two or more independent
measurement
processes, the uncertainty of its interpretation is greatly reduced. The
most
persuasive evidence comes through a triangulation of measurement processes"
(Webb, E. J. and others,
1966 p.3)
| 1967 | Declaration of a summer of love |
External link: The Summer of Love (1967) and Woodstock (1969)
1968
Martin Luther King murdered in Memphis
Caucuses formed within the American Sociological Association in 1968 and
1969 included the Caucus of Black Sociologists, Radical Caucus and Caucus
of Women Sociologists
(Rhodes, L.J. 1981, pages 60-61)
Maria Anne Hirschmann's I Changed Gods published in California. (A
"Destiny Book")
External link:
"Maria Anne Hirschmann, or "Hansi," was orphaned as a baby in
Czechoslovakia during World War II. Brainwashed to be a Nazi youth leader,
she was imprisoned in a communist labor camp before escaping into West
Germany. There she became a Christian and immigrated with her family to the
United States where she learned to love freedom." In 1973 (USA) and 1974
(London) she published Hansi; the girl who loved the swastika which
formed the basis for a comic of the same name in 1976. The comic includes
the line
"It's alright to love what God has blessed" (See
Billy Graham 1952)
1968 Joseph Licklieder and Robert taylor "The Computer as a
Communication Device" Science and Technology 76, pages 21-23. See
Wikipedia on
Licklieder
|
Presidency of Richard M. Nixon 1969 to 1974 |
1969 Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency - Social bond theory - "Delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken" (p.16)
Symbolic Interactionism: perspective and method by Herbert Blumer
March 1969 Date on an essay by Carol Hanisch called "The Personal is Political" in the Redstockings collection Feminist Revolution The essay defends consciousness-raising against the charge that it is "therapy." Hanisch states
"One of the first things we discover in these groups is that personal problems are political problems. There are no personal solutions at this time."
1970
Alvin Gouldner's The Coming
Crisis of Western Sociolgy. Unlike either
Sorokin in
1928, or Parsons in 1937,
Gouldner's focus is on
American sociology. In particular, criticism of
Parsons
dominates the book.
| "Like many new developments in the United States, mental patients' liberation groups began primarily on the east and west coasts and then spread inland" (Judi Chamberlin). |
|
1970 The Mental Patients' Association began in Vancouver (Canada).
Late 1970/Early 1971 Start of "what may have been the first mental patients rights group run for and by mental patients", called the Insane Liberation Front -- in Portland, Oregon. The name Insane Liberation Front was chosen by Tom Wittick. Howard Geld (17) and his sister Helen joined. See 1971.
August-September 1970 Radical Therapist volume one, number three
On Women contained:
1971
David Rothman's The Discovery of the Asylum. Social Order and Disorder
in the New Republic Little, Brown and Company. Boston - Toronto
N. N. Kittrie's The Right to be Different
Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, edited and
translated by Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith, was published in London and New
York in 1971. See
above on Fordism. But by this time, the economy was preparing to
become a
"post-industrial" or
"post-fordist", more flexible
economy.
1971
Howard and Helen Geld moved back to New York City, where they
started the Mental Patients' Liberation Project. He was Coordinator
of the Storefront Project of MPLP, a storefront crisis center for present
and former mental patients.
1971 The Mental Patient's Liberation Front began in Boston,
Massachusetts.
1972
touchy-feely Tuscaloosa News (Alabama) "A
considerable amount of time is spent in encounter groups, gestalt training,
psychodrama or 'T groups'... On almost every campus where this approach has
been tried it has caused an uproar. Faculty critics deride it as 'touchy-
feely' education, with strong currents of anti-intellectualism" (20th
Century Words)
1972 Center for Independent Living, Berkeley, California.
(website history)
1972 The Network Against Psychiatric Assault began in San Francisco.
First editions of Madness Network News were published in 1972 or
1973. Volume 2 no.1 is dated 1973 and Volume 2 no.2 is dated February 1974.
Benjamin Spock
addressed the National Women's Political Caucus. Gloria Steinmem told him:
"I hope you realise you have been a major oppressor of women in the same
category as Sigmund Freud".
Citizen advocacy for the handicapped, impaired, and disadvantaged:
an overview Washington. 59 pages, illustrated. First use I have traced
of the term
citizen advocacy
1973
"Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison", report of an experiment
with humans at Stamford University, California, by Craig Haney, Curtis
Banks and Philip Zimbardo, International Journal of Criminology and
Penology, 1, 1973, pp 69-97
and, on a more positive note:
Retirement of
Talcott Parsons
from Harvard University
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism by
Daniel Bell
1973 to 1978 Andrew Scull lecturer and then professor in Sociology
at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1976-1977 he was engaged in a
post-doctoral
fellowship in Medical History at University College London -
(external link) - See:
1976 -
1977 -
1979 -
1983 -
17.10.1973 The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting
Countries decided no longer to export oil to countries that supported
Israel in the six-day war. The beginning of a period of economic recession
in the United States and most of the world when economies ceased to grow
from year in the way they had since the second-world war.
Wikipedia.
David Harvey (1989) argues that the post-war years to 1973 had
been governed by
"Fordist" and "Keynesian" economics which were too rigid
to cope with this crisis and were replaced by a more complex, supple,
flexible form of capitalism.
Editorial, by Judith Brown
Redstockings Manifesto
Male Supremacy, Private Property,a nd the Family: A Critique of Engels,
by Carol Giardina
Brainwashing and Women, by a Redstockings Sister
Consciousness-Raising and Intuition, by Kathie Sarachild
Letter to Her Psychiatrist, by Nadine Miller
Is Women's Liberation a Therapy Group?, by Marilyn Zwieg
Resolution of Women's Caucus, APA, 1969
Mothers of the Millennium, by Judith Brown
Open Letter to Psychiatrists, by Nicole Anthony
Warning, by the New Orleans Women's Study Group
Women's Health Manifesto
Lesbianism, by Martha Shelley
What You Can Do, by the Redstockings, San Francisco
Men and Women Living Together, by a Bread and Roses Member
Kinder, Kuche, Kirche, by Naomi Weisstein
Poem, by Phyllis Parun
Session, by E.M. Broner and Aryeh Seagull
Women's Liberation: A Bibliography
Marriage and Psychotherapy, by Phyllis Chesler
Letters
Movement Groups: Social Welfare Workers Movement
Book Review, by Mnasadica
Intimacy and Oppression, by the RT Collective
"I went into Central Park and I saw 20,000 New Yorkers matched
one to one with 20,000 mentally handicapped people" (Nigel Evans The
Times 12.6.198, which says "The public response, or sympathy and
indignation left an indelible impression".)
|
Presidency of Gerald R. Ford 1974 to 1977 |
1974
January 1974 Vancouver Emotional Emergency Centre opened
October 1974: First
People First convention held at Otter
Crest,
Oregon, USA. Organised by supported mentally handicapped
people who had been discharged from
Fairview Hospital and Training
Centre and others who were living there. The name was voted
on at a planning session. The proposer said:
1975
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism
by
Daniel Bell
Film: One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest
(External link: Review)
In 1975,
Howard Geld helped found "Project Release" in New York City.
This developed a client-run community "drop-in" center and client run
residence. As with Robin Farquharson House, in London, these were
completely patient ex/patient controlled. In the USA this was called
"separatist". [See On Our
Own].
California 1981
1976
March 1976 Vancouver Emotional Emergency Centre closed, after 26
months, unable to find funds.
"The Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill: A Critical View", article
by
Andrew Scull
in Politics and Society 6 (Summer 1976)
"We are tired of being seen first as handicapped or retarded or
disabled. We want to be seen as people first".
Williams and Shoultz 1982 page 54)
|
Presidency of James R. Carter 1977 to 1981 |
1977
First edition of
Andrew Scull's
Decarceration. Community Treatment and
the Deviant - A Radical View. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
Ontario Mental Patients Association founded 1977 - Called On Our Own from
1980.
17.3.1977 to 18.3.1977 fifth "Frontiers
of Sociology Symposium" held on the
Vanderbilt University Campus. Papers from published as
Zald, M.N and McCarthy, J.D. 1979 (Editors) The
Dynamics of
Social Movements: Resource Mobilisation, Social Control and
Tactics.
1978
Technical Assistance for Self-Advocacy a federally funded project
based at the University of Kansas ran from 1978 to 1981. This is the
earliest use of the term
"self advocacy" I have traced (so far). The
earliest book with it in its title is
Williams and Shoultz 1982
(which is the source of my information), listed in UK library catalogues,
but not listed in the Library of Congress Catalogue (online). The only
three American titles with the term in the Library of Congress catalogue
are 1993 Self advocacy for adults with learning difficulties:
contexts and debates by Jeannie Sutcliffe and Ken Simon.
about 1994 The self-advocacy movement by people with
developmental disabilities: a demographic study and directory
of self-advocacy groups in the United States by Nancy
Anne Longhurst. about 1997 Self-advocacy for students who are
deaf or hard of hearing by Kristina M. English.
On Our Own.
Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental
Health System by Judi Chamberlin
The History of Shock Treatment Edited by Leonard Roy Frank. San
Francisco. 19.10.1978: Copy signed and sent to
Joan Martin
1979
Andrew Scull's
Museums of Madness. The Social Organisation of Insanity
in Nineteenth-Century England (Allen Lane: UK)
Peter Breggin's
Electroshock: Its Brain-Disabling Effects New
York: Springer, 1979.
1979
National Association of Mental Health became the
National Mental Health Association
8.5.1979 Death of
Talcott Parsons
1980
O'Brien and Lovett (1992) argue that four "initial efforts" led
to person centred planning: 1) a series of 1979 workshops led by Karen
Green-McGowan and Mary Kovaks for the Canadian National Institute on Mental
Retardation on 24-hour planning for people with severe disabilities. 2)
Dr Elizabeth (Beth) Mount in Georgia (USA) training colleagues in
Personal Futures Planning, 3) Jack Yates' Program Design
Sessions for people moving out of Dever State School, Southeastern
Massachusetts. 4) Marcie Brost, Terri Johnson and co-workers
"planning with people from three county service boards as a way to define
the capacities Wisconsin's system would need to develop in order to deliver
individualized services". [No - I do not know what they mean] This was all
happening by 1980.
Another source says: 1980: Jack Yates developed the Individual Service
Design - 1987: Beth Mount developed Personal Futures Planning - 1989:
Marsha Forest and Evelyn Lusthaus developed MAPS and Circles - 1992:
Michael Smull and Susan Burke Harrison develop Essential Lifestyle Planning
- 1995: Jack Pearpoint, John O'Brien and Marsha Forest developed PATH.
Phoenix Rising published in Toronto from 1980 to 1990. Founded by
Don Weitz and Carla McKague
About 1980 that Jim Ward, working at Dixon Hall (project to help
homeless people) in Eastern Toronto became friends with
David Reville
Clifford W. Beers - Advocate for the Insane by Norman
Dain.
1.6.1980 Cable News Network launched. Birth of 24/7 news (USA) -
Wikipedia link
|
Presidency of Ronald W. Reagan 1981 to 1989 |
1981
Howard Geld had moved to Berkeley, California. He held various positions at the Center for Independent Living, and was responsible for integrating mental disabilities into the larger disabled community at the Center for Independent Living.
30.3.1981 John Warnock Hinckley attempted to assassinate Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C. See Wikipedia - See Intimate Strangers 1985
24.9.1982 Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-- United States.
Second edition of Andrew Scull's Decarceration. Community Treatment and the Deviant - A Radical View.
David John Hill's (born 1952) Ph.D. thesis, Schizophrenia: The Medicalization of Social Control University of Cincinnati, 1983. 586 pages. Published in 1983 [1984?] as The Politics of Schizophrenia: Psychiatric oppression in the United States by David Hill. Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 12 introductory pages plus 577 pages. ISBN 081913614X [published February 1984?] and 0819136158 (paperback) [published January 1984?]. - See David Hill in the UK
Peter Breggin's Psychiatric drugs, hazards to the brain New York: Springer, 1983.
1983 Howard Geld a founding member of the Alameda County Network of Mental Health Clients (Berkeley, California)
1984
March 1984 Dr Caligari's Psychiatric Drugs.
(Joan
Hughes' collection)
24.7.1984 to 27.7.1984
People First of Washington State organised the first ever
international self-advocacy conference for people with mental handicaps and
supporters. [International Self-Advocacy Leadership Conference, Tacoma,
Washington]. People came from twenty-five states of the USA, from Canada,
New Zealand, Australia and England. The conference planned its next
gathering, for 1988, in England.
1985
Richard Schickel's Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity
published New York. Examines the
illusions of knowing a celebrity as a personal friend, with
special attention to the impact of televison bringing stars into the living
rooms of their fans. Schickel explores why some admirers become angry at
their celebrities. He uses the example of
John Hinckley, who shot Ronald
Reagan in an attempt to profess his love for Jodie Foster, to show the
extremes of feeling neglected by a celebrity. (Based on Eileen Nagle in
Celebrity Culture 2001)
December 1985 Report of the Electro-Convulsive Therapy Review
Committee to the Minister of Health, Toronto, Ontario.
(Joan
Hughes' collection)
1986
James Clifford and George E. Marcus (editors). Writing culture: the
poetics and politics of
ethnography
George E. Marcus and Michael M. J. Fischer
Anthropology as cultural critique: An
experimental moment in the human sciences. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Charles L. Briggs Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of
the role of the interview in social science research. Cambridge
University Press.
Publisher: "interviewing techniques depend upon
fundamental misapprehensions about the nature of the interview as a
communicative event as well as the nature of the data that it produces".
External link:
cv pdf
"The project that became
MindFreedom International began in 1986 as a newsletter called
Dendron funded by the Levinson Foundation." 22.12.1986
"Incorporation of originating nonprofit project with start-up funding from
Levinson Foundation. The goal is to publish a newsletter, Dendron, and
provide a 'Clearinghouse on Human Rights and Psychiatry', to help network
mental health consumers, psychiatric survivors, and supporters."
[Dendron started 1987 according to the
Winter 1998/1999 edition
-
See 1990
1986
Howard Geld was a founding member of the Oakland Independent
Support Center (580 - 18th Street, Oakland, California 94612). He told a
friend that this was the culmination of his dream to create a client-run,
multi-purpose center that would serve both the mentally disabled and
homeless. [Described in 2006 as "a self-help, client run organization for
the mentally disabled homeless to assist themselves and support each other
in the pursuit of autonomy and independence."]
1988
Patricia E. Deegan (1988) "Recovery: the lived experience of
rehabilitation" Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 11 (4), 11-19.
There is a revised version of this
available on the web. "The person credited with starting the
'recovery' movement was Patricia Deegan, a mental health system
survivor in
the USA. Her article ... does not cite any previous work on recovery. She
is arguing that existing models of rehabilitation do not allow for the
complexity of the recovery process"
(Jan Wallcraft email 7.5.2009) -
See
recover (word) -
Esso Leete 1989 -
National
Empowerment Center (1992) -
W.A. Anthony 1993 -
Patricia Deegan 1996
- June 1997 -
England 1999
-
13.12.1999
US Surgeon General's report
- England
2001 -
Scotland 2004 -
England
2005 -
England May 2009 -
1988: Shrink resistant: the struggle against psychiatry in
Canada, edited by Bonnie Burstow and Don Weitz, published: Vancouver:
New Star Books.
|
Presidency of George H. W. Bush 1989 to 1993 |
1989: Washington State Centenary celebrations. At Western State Hospital, a Pictorial History of Western State Hospital was published by the hospital's Historic Committee and a psychiatric museum established for the year long celebration. This included a timeline created by Sidney H. Acuff, the hospital's Rehabilitation Services Director. (Kathleen Benoun)
Spring 1989 "How I perceive and manage my illness" by Esso Leete, Director and founder of the Denver Social Support Group and Program Director of Consumer- Centered Services of Colorado. "Specific carefully planned coping strategies which are seen as critical to the recovery process are presented." (external link)
| 1990 |
|
Judith Butler Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity
"In May 1990 readers of Dendron held a counter-conference and protest of the Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in New York City, and 13 groups began an alliance that became named Support Coalition International. 15.5.1990 - Publication Dendron sponsors a several-day international counter-conference and protest of American Psychiatric Association in New York City called a "Support-In." At end of counter-conference, 13 initial sponsoring groups form a new coalition. Mental Patients Liberation Alliance in Syracuse, New York provides organizational and fiscal sponsorship." See - 8.4.1994 - 2.2.1998 - 1998/1999
| 1991 |
|
First edition of Peter Breggin's Toxic psychiatry : why therapy, empathy, and love must replace the drugs, electroshock, and biochemical theories of the "new psychiatry" New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. 464 pages
2.6.1991 At the Tony Awards, co-presenter Jeremy Irons wore a red ribbon for AIDS awareness.
| 1992 |
|
29.6.1992 to 30.6.1992 Person Centred Planning: Pennsylvania conference of "people experienced in ... person centered planning and those interested in learning more about it. Finding A Way Toward Everyday Lives - The Contribution of Person Centered Planning, by John O'Brien & Herbert Lovett, Pennsylvania Office of Mental Retardation Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, followed this.
"The term, person centered planning, refers to a family of approaches to organizing and guiding community change in alliance with people with disabilities and their families and friends." Listed: Individual Service Design - Personal Future Planning - Essential Lifestyle Planning - Lifestyle Planning - Maps
1992 Howard Geld developing a client-run tenant support team at a single room occupancy hotel for mentally disabled people in Oakland.
1992 Daniel B. Fisher, M.D., Ph.D. helped to found the National Empowerment Center in Lawrence, Massachusetts, a consumer-run Research, Training, and Information Center. Based on their research, he and Co-Director Laurie Ahern have developed the Empowerment Model of Recovery. (source) - See 1997/1998 and website
12.11.1992 to 14.11.1992 "Corporate crime: ethics, law, and the state" conference, Kingston, Canada [See published papers]
|
Presidency of William J. Clinton 1993 to 2002 |
1993: Howard Rheingold The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, Reading Massachusetts, Addison Wesley. External link to Howard Rheingold's homepage
|
August 1993 Last patients left
Northampton State Hospital, Massachusetts.
Click on the Shelley Lawrence photograph to read the article that Maureen Tayor wrote in the Valley Advocate in 1999 |
1993 Howard Geld returned to New York City, where he worked as Director of Advocacy at Community Access, an agency providing housing and supportive services to people with psychiatric disabilities. He started New York City Recipients Coalition, a coalition of 24 different client run organizations throughout New York City.
1993 W.A. Anthony, "Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s" Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal. Describes recovery as "a deeply personal, unique process of changing one's attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills and/or roles. It is a way of living a satisfying, hopeful, and contributing life even with limitations caused by the illness. Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness."
| 1994 |
|
8.4.1994 - Coalition is incorporated on its own as two nonprofits: Support Coalition Northwest (based in Oregon) and Support Coalition International, later merged.
| 1995 |
|
Sherry Turkle Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, New York, Simon and Schuster. Wikipedia Sherry Turkle
5.2.1995 Howard Geld (Howie the Harp) died, aged 42. The New York Times obituary 27.12.2008:
| 1996 |
|
1996 Patricia Deegan "Recovery as a Journey of the Heart", Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal - describes the inner experience of the despair and demoralisation that came to her along with a diagnosis of schizophrenia - particularly as that diagnosis was given with a prognosis of lifelong limitation. See recovery movement.
| 1997 |
|
|
1997 Judi Chamberlin's "Confessions of a non-compliant patient" in
the National Empowerment Center Newsletter (Lawrence,
Massachusetts) - The
web archive of the
National Empowerment Center begins 7.12.1998
"The Mission of the National Empowerment Center is to carry a message of recovery, empowerment, hope and healing to people who have been diagnosed with mental illness. We carry that message with authority because we are a consumer-run organization and each of us is living a personal journey of recovery and empowerment. We are convinced that recovery and empowerment are not the privilege of a few exceptional leaders, but rather are possible for each person who has been diagnosed with mental illness. Whether on the back ward of a state mental institution or working as an executive in a corporation, we want people who are mental health consumers to know there is a place to turn to in order to receive the information they might need in order to regain control over their lives and the resources that affect their lives. That place is the National Empowerment Center." Daniel B. Fisher, M.D., Ph.D. Executive Director - Judi Chamberlin, Staff Associate - Patricia E. Deegan, Ph.D. Director of Training and Education |
June 1997 "The consumer-survivor movement, recovery, and consumer professionals" by Frederick J. Frese and Wendy Walker Davis in Professional Psychology: Research and Practice volume 28(3), pages 243-245. external link
| 1998 |
|
Concordia University in Montreal was host to a conference on Sex at the Edge. Panel discussions included "Marketing Porn" and comments include "In some ways, Queer Studies have become central to the higher learning experience"
2.2.1998 First Internet Archive of Support Coalition International website - See index
Winter 1998/1999 Dendron issue 41/42 - Collection of Joan Hughes
| 1999 |
|
26.10.1999 "On advice of attorney David Atkin and to streamline operations" Support Coalition Northwest and Support Coalition International merge. Website: 12.10.1999. See 1.8.2005.
| 13.12.1999 United States Department of Health and Social Services - "first-ever Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health" - Press release - The Report - Overview of Recovery from Chapter two - References for chapter 2 |
See United Kingdom frameworks |
| 2000 |
|
|
Presidency of Bush (junior) 2001 - |
|
11.9.2001 "9.11" Terrorist attack on symbolic buildings in the United States. See Wikipedia |
|
Autumn 2001 annotated, on-line bibliography of writings that reflect on the culture of celebrity constructed by students at The College of New Jersey, hoping to "promote critical discussion on an important and emergent field of inquiry". See 1962 - 1985
2001 or early 2002 Congress allocated $4 million to the U.S. Department of Justice to set up a pilot mental health courts program
| 2002 |
|
At the 1,000 bed Laguna Honda Hospital and Rehabilitation Center in San Francisco, work is being re-introduced in a new light, seeking help people recognize and realize their highest level of vocational potential, which will vary greatly. Some people will remain life-long residents, others are recuperating from major illnesses. Others are in rehabilitation following an illness or accident. Many had been homeless. Many have no family involvement. Many have substance abuse issues. Many have never worked. The programme seeks to instil the idea in people that they have something to offer, to identify what that is and to create opportunities for people to succeed. Vivian Imperiale, the Vocational Rehabilitation Coordinator, would welcome email exchanges (Vivian.Imperiale@sfdph.org) from people providing vocational rehabilitation services to diverse populations in or out of a hospital setting.
In 2001 disabled residents went to court claiming they had a right to community care, not institutional care (archive)
The Study of Vertical Zonation on Rocky Intertidal Shores-A Historical Perspective by Keith R. Benson
9.10.2002 First internet archive of "Witchpaper '97 - On the Existence of Mental Illness and/or Witches in Need of a Burning", which includes extracts from David Hill and Judi Chamberlin
| 2003 |
|
| 2004 |
|
David Reville and Jim Ward took over the History of Madness course at Ryerson
May 2004: The Importance of Being Famous: Behind the Scenes of the Celebrity-Industrial Complex by Maureen Orth. "What I think we have constructed in this country is a celebrity industrial complex, which means 24/7 cable, a wired world on the Internet, so much more time to fill. It's so much easier to do it with celebrity than investigate news" (Publisher's weblink - CBS "story" 4.5.2004).
Autumn 2004 "The Lasting Legacy of An American Dilemma by Shari Cohen published in Carnegie Results
|
MindFreedom Journal Winter 2004/2005
Table of contents: United Nations, World Health Organisation and Psychiatry - India and Psychiatry Globalization - USA Wants to Screen You! - Hunger Strike Results - MindFreedom Action - Mad Pride and Bastille Day - Mad Market Sampler - Poetic Justice - Remembering Leaders - Sponsor Group News - Announcements - Join MindFreedom Today |
| 2005 |
|
January 2005 Mad Mary Lamb: Lunacy and Murder in Literary London by Susan Tyler Hitchcock published in the United States. Written by a Virginian, this is a biographical companion to the writings of an English madhouse patient who, having murdered her mother, was released to the community and became story teller and poet to generations of children throughout the world.
1.8.2005 "Official name change of all activities under one umbrella name of MindFreedom International". - See MindFreedom.org
| 2006 |
|
| 2007 |
|
16.4.2007 Virginia Tech massacre See Wikipedia
August 2007 "Questioning democratic illusions: Anthropology, interviewing and the making of contemporary society" by Charles L. Briggs. Current Anthropology 48 (4): 587. (External link to abstract)
| 2008 |
|
14.2.2008 Northern Illinois University shooting. See Wikipedia
2009
Dead End - The Lives of
Henry Cotton by
Gilbert Honigfeld published
|
Thursday, 20.8.2009 Metcalf Ballroom, George Sherman Union, Boston
University 775 Commonwealth Avenue -
Judi Chamberlin and Marty Federman
invite all their friends to celebrate Judi's life
Missed it? Do not miss Judi's blog Life as a hospice patient
|
2010
Sunday 17.1.2010: The news begins to circulate around the world that
Judi Chamberlin has died. Her last blog entry, Tuesday, January
12, 2010, speaks
of pneumonia. Visit Judi's
virtual memorial
|
|
Study
links outside this site
Picture introduction to this site
Andrew Roberts' web Study Guide
Top
of
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Click coloured words to go where you
want
Andrew Roberts likes to hear from users:
To contact him, please
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© Andrew Roberts and the other authors
7.3.2000-
My referencing suggestion for this page is a bibliography
entry:
Roberts, Andrew 7.3.2000 - American History Timeline
<http://studymore.org.uk/America.htm>
and intext references to
(Roberts, A. 7.3.2000 date).
For example: "(Roberts, A. 7.3.2000 1776)"
See ABC
Referencing for general advice.
Index
Barbados: 1627, 1639, 1655, 1663, 1671
Chicago: 1859 -
1874 -
1876 -
1877 -
1889 -
1890 university -
1892 sociology -
1894 -
1895 journal -
1896 -
Colleges and universities: Harvard, Yale, Pennsylvania, Washington and Lee, Columbia, Virginia, Ann Arbour, Johns Hopkins, Chicago,
Connecticut - Yale College - 1783 - offenders - 1844 - Hospital for the Insane - Clifford Beers -
Israel and Daniel How or Howe 1715, 1761, 1775
Indiana Hospital for the Insane and Medical Museum
Massachusetts:
Dorothea Dix
Isreal/Daniel How
Hospitals for the insane:
1832: Worcester
1839: Boston
1852: Taunton
1858: Northampton (closed
1993)
Missouri Asylum Number 2 and the Glore Psychiatric Museum
New York
House of Correction, Workhouse and
Poorhouse 1736
Lunatic Asylum 1808
Auburn State Prison
1819
City Lunatic Asylum
1839 State
Lunatic
Asylum at Utica 1843
Elizabeth Packard: 1860, 1863, 1867, 1872
Quaker settlers: Carolina - New Jersey - Pennsylvania,
Separate system (Philadelphia)
Slavery Slavery and social science - 1492 - triangular run 22.1.1510 - 1607 - 1619 - 1627 - 1791 - 1793 - 1794 - 1802 - 1833 - 2.7.1839 - 1840 - 1863 -
Sociology (USA) - 1875 - 1892 - 1894 - 1928 - 1931 - 1942 - 1949 - 1964 - 1966 - 1970
Washington State asylums:
Eastern State,
Western State.
-
reliance on spectral and intangible evidence should not be allowed in
trials
Chiefs of the Iroquois visited and addressed the Continental Congress that was discussing independence from Britain of the colonial states...
In the 1820s, the USA government began moving what it called the "Five Civilized Tribes"...
"the rate of mental disease is greater among inferior stocks... This is difficult to demonstrate by census statistics...
Senator Joe McCarthy became chair of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
I hope you realise you have been a major oppressor of women in the same category as Sigmund Freud
The programme seeks to instil the idea in people that they have something to offer...
January 2005:
Mad Mary Lamb: Lunacy and Murder in Literary London by Susan Tyler Hitchcock |
|---|
American Dreams at "Blommes Links"